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Michael D. Royster 《Human Rights Review》2016,17(2):279-280
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Peter Wood 《Society》2011,48(2):174-174
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Renée C. Fox 《Society》2011,48(1):77-77
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Robert W. Rieber 《Society》2011,48(5):433
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CarlFriedrich Gethmann 《Society》2011,48(4):348
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Timothy H. Goldsmith 《Society》2009,46(4):341-346
Biological science is deepening our understanding of life at a brisk rate, but interdisciplinary discourse is not keeping
pace. This essay offers an account of themes from evolutionary biology that can enrich appreciation of the complexities of
human behavior. Because this topic touches fields with different and more traditional perspectives, frictions and misunderstandings
exist, and I have employed examples from a single source in order to clarify the science. In her critique of evolutionary
psychology published in her book Scandalous Knowledge, the social theorist Barbara Herrnstein Smith has set forth views that are not in harmony with either evolutionary biology
or cognitive neuroscience. She asserts that specialized features of mental processing postulated by evolutionary psychologists
are without empirical justification; further, she dismisses the concept as embracing “non-physical mental organs.” There exist,
however, numerous examples of how brains process information in specific, functional ways, frequently characteristic of the
species. Furthermore, the charge of “non-physical mental organs” is not only wrong; it reveals a failure to recognize that
biology has two complementary modes of explanation. One is historical and addresses cause in terms of the historical course
of evolution and the process of natural selection. The other is proximate and includes many levels of analysis from molecular
to social. Because brains have evolutionary histories, the ‘function’ of a particular aspect of mental processing can have
a hypothetical explanation in terms of adaptive advantage that is independent of any knowledge of the underlying neural circuitry.
A computational model of the brain and representational processing of sensory information, however, are both compatible with
observed properties of neurons in the retina and visual cortex as well as with evolutionary processes. Finally, study of the
mental processes of non-human primates provides insight into the evolution of our own minds.
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| Timothy H. GoldsmithEmail: |