Alf Ross on the Concept of a Legal Right

In this article, I discuss Alf Ross's claim that the concept of a legal right is best understood as a technical tool of presentation, which ties together a disjunction of operative facts and a conjunction of legal consequences, and that rights statements render the content of a number of legal norms in a convenient manner. I argue that while Ross's analysis is appealing, it is problematic in at least three respects. I also argue, however, that despite these difficulties Ross's analysis deserves our continued attention, because the fundamental idea—that the concept of a legal right must be understood functionally—is sound.     

Realism about the Nature of Law

Legal realism comes in two main versions, namely American legal realism and Scandinavian legal realism. In this article, I shall be concerned with the Scandinavian realists, who were naturalists and non‐cognitivists, and who maintained that conceptual analysis (in a fairly broad sense) is a central task of legal philosophers, and that such analysis must proceed in a naturalist, anti‐metaphysical spirit. Specifically, I want to consider the commitment to ontological naturalism and non‐cognitivism on the part of the Scandinavians and its implications for their view of the nature of law. I argue (i) that the Scandinavians differ from legal positivists in that they reject the idea that there are legal relations, that is, legal entities and properties, and to varying degrees defend the view that law is a matter of human behavior rather than legal norms, and (ii) that they do not and cannot accept the idea that there is a ‘world of the ought’ in Kelsen's sense. I also argue, more specifically, (iii) that the objection to non‐naturalist theories raised by the Scandinavians—that there is and can be no connection between the higher realm of norms and values (the ‘world of the ought’) and the world of time and space—is convincing, and (iv) that Kelsen's introduction of a so‐called modally indifferent substrate does nothing to undermine this objection. In addition, I argue (v) that the Scandinavians can account for the existence of legal relations that do not presuppose the existence of morally binding legal norms by embracing conventionalism about the existence of the sources of law, while pointing out that in doing so they would also be abandoning their legal realism for legal positivism. Finally, I argue (vi) that the implications for legal scholarship of the realist emphasis on human behavior instead of legal norms is not well explained by the realists and appear to amount to little more than a preference for teleological interpretation of legal norms.     

2002年环境资源法学研究的回顾与展望

2002年我国环境资源法学研究的发展主要体现在: 第一,科研力量发展.一批环境资源法教学科研机构和硕士点成立,除了专职研究人员外,越来越多的相关学科的学者关心和参与环境资源法的教学和科研活动,环境资源法学研究从初期的封闭状态日益走向开放,日益与大法学和相关的自然科学相融合.……     

商法本质的变迁

商法作为一个专门调整商事活动的部门法 ,在其历史发展的不同阶段有不同的本质属性 ,与其发展的四个历史阶段 (古代、中世纪、近代、现代商法 )相对应 ,商法的本质属性依次表现为 :1 家商一体、民商不分的商事规范 ;2 与家庭相区分的自然人之间的商人习惯法 ;3 关于企业商事活动的国内法 ;4 关于资本经营的新国际商人习惯法。     

政策性银行法性质探析

本文探讨了政策性银行法的性质。作者认为, 探讨政策性银行法的性质对制定我国的政策性银行法具有重要意义。政策性银行法是公法与私法的混合法, 也是经济法中重要的宏观调控法, 也是金融法（ 银行法） 的重要组成部分, 应该重视和加强对政策性银行法的深入研究。     

论国际环境法的性质

环境问题作为燃眉之危机使人类不得不直面正视 ,乃始于环境概念的扩及全球、环境破坏之影响力波及整个地球之时。国际环境法就是在现代政治、经济、文化、科技等各种因素错综复杂的变革条件下发展起来的 ,它主要是将国际法的一般原则适用于国际环境领域并通过创立、维持或认可其主体之间在利用、保护和改善环境方面的权利义务关系来实现其对国际环境关系的调整。一、国际环境法的产生　　随着工业化、城市化以及科学技术的迅猛发展 ,人类社会的活动对环境的影响大规模地超出了国界 ,影响到他国或不在国家管辖之下乃至地球以外与地球生态紧密…     

论国际刑法的性质

国际刑法是有关制裁国际犯罪,维护国际社会共同利益的刑事法律规范的总称.作为一个新兴的法律部门,国际刑法在20世纪,特别是20世纪后半期得到了长足的发展.由于国际刑法涉及国际法和国内刑法两个法律部门,且两方面的内容不乏重迭和交叉之处,因此,法学界对于国际刑法的性质存在不同的认识.本文拟对有关国际刑法性质的各种观点进行比较研究,希望以此作为进一步研究国际刑法问题的基础.     

经济法的本质:协调主义及其经济学基础

经济法的本质是经济法学研究的基础理论问题。当前经济法学界对经济法本质的观点主要有干预主义和协调主义两种 ,作者认为二者谁也无法取代谁。作为公法私法化和私法公法化互动作用产物的经济法的本质只能是协调主义。经济法应当以协调社会利益和个体整体利益为立足点 ,和民商法、行政法携起手来 ,共同调整经济生活。     

格老秀斯与自然法——简评《战争与和平法》

格老秀斯以其巨著《战争与和平法》使国际法成为完整、独立、系统的学科,被称为国际法的“鼻祖”,他更是近代西方法学思想家中第一个系统地论述了自然法理论的人。他认为国内法和国际法都应以自然法为基础,国与国之间的战争也应受国际法和自然法的约束。在17、18世纪古典自然法思想家中,他第一个使自然法概念摆脱宗教神学的约束,恢复和发展了自然法的世俗观念,认为自然法代表理性或人的本性。他希望通过他所掌握的法理学、哲学和神学的渊博知识,以其具有说服力的文笔,有助于国际和平的恢复和国际间法律状态的形成。     

The Dual Nature of Law

The argument of this article is that the dual‐nature thesis is not only capable of solving the problem of legal positivism, but also addresses all fundamental questions of law. Examples are the relation between deliberative democracy and democracy qua decision‐making procedure along the lines of the majority principle, the connection between human rights as moral rights and constitutional rights as positive rights, the relation between constitutional review qua ideal representation of the people and parliamentary legislation, the commitment of legal argumentation to both authoritative and non‐authoritative reasons, and the distinction between rules as expressing a real “ought” and principles as expressing its ideal counterpart. All of this underscores the point that the dual nature of law is the single most essential feature of law.     

刑法的本质

本文认为刑法的惩罚功能与教育功能是统一的 ,刑法的教育功能是通过惩罚功能体现出来的 ,即应当为教育而惩罚 ;刑法的本质要求诉讼程序公正 ,实体的正义要求程序的正当。     

On the Concept and the Nature of Law

Abstract. The central argument of this article turns on the dual‐nature thesis. This thesis sets out the claim that law necessarily comprises both a real or factual dimension and an ideal or critical dimension. The dual‐nature thesis is incompatible with both exclusive legal positivism and inclusive legal positivism. It is also incompatible with variants of non‐positivism according to which legal validity is lost in all cases of moral defect or demerit (exclusive legal non‐positivism) or, alternatively, is affected in no way at all by moral defects or demerits (super‐inclusive legal non‐positivism). The dual nature of law is expressed, on the one hand, by the Radbruch formula, which says that extreme injustice is not law, and, on the other, by the correctness argument, which says that law's claim to correctness necessarily includes a claim to moral correctness. Thus, what the law is depends not only on social facts, but also on what the law ought to be.     

法的模糊性之存在论分析

法的模糊性是法律所具有的归属不完全的属性.它寓于法的存在论、价值论和认识论之中.从法的存在论看,法的模糊性显现为法本质的多面性.法律具有不完全归属于经济、政治、道德和理性或绝对理念的特性.     

命令与法的基本性质

一般认为,由于哈特的批评是如此的彻底,因此,奥斯丁的命令理论已经只是法律思想史的组成部分,它不再影响我们关于法律之一般性质的根本看法。不过,这样的看法其实是不适当的,因为虽然命令这样的概念工具的确不足以说明法律的一般性质,但是命令背后所揭示的关于法律的直觉——社会事实命题与独立于内容,依然是当今法理论的核心要点。     

Robert Alexy and the Dual Nature of Law

Robert Alexy's claim that law of necessity has a dual nature raises many interesting philosophical questions. In this article, I consider some of these questions, such as what the meaning of the correctness thesis is, whether Alexy's discourse theory supports this thesis, and whether the thesis is defensible; whether Alexy's argument from anarchy and civil war supports the claim that law of necessity has a real dimension; and what the implications are of the use of moral arguments, such as the argument from injustice, for the status of Alexy's inquiry.     

论人与自然关系的法律化

当代人与自然关系存在阻碍生产力发展的趋势,不符合社会正义原则,违背了国家在人与自然关系上必须承担的国家契约义务;第三次法律革命的直接结果就是人与自然关系成为法律调整的对象。在此基础上,本文论证了法律调整人与自然关系的正当性和必要性。     

行政紧急权力的法律属性剖析

行政紧急权力具有超法规性、集中性、扩张性以及程序的简化性等四个属性。超法规性体现为它具有超越实定法和超越正常状态下的法律体系,而适用一种特别的法律体系的属性;集中的属性体现为水平方向的立法权力和司法权力集中到行政机关,垂直方向的地方国家行政机关的权力集中到中央国家行政机关;扩张的属性体现为行政紧急权力能够中止、限制或变通执行公民的某些基本权利;程序简化的属性则是应急性的行政法规或规章以及具体性的紧急行政行为特别强调程序的高效和简便。