风险视角下城市老旧社区韧性建设的困境及破解

城市老旧社区是社会风险的多发场域和风险治理的薄弱环节。日趋多发的社会风险和日渐凸显的脆弱性特征构成了老旧社区“高风险—低韧性”的失衡情景，加强韧性建设已成为提高老旧社区风险治理能力的必然要求。基于风险视角，从组织韧性、物理韧性、技术韧性、心理韧性等维度来分析城市老旧社区的韧性建设情况，发现其面临着基层治理主体松散、配套设施建设滞后、信息技术应用缓慢以及社区修复机制欠缺等现实困境。未来需要从健全党建引领治理模式、完善社区基础设施建设、推进信息技术发展应用以及增强社区自我修复能力等方面全面着手，进一步推进城市老旧社区韧性建设，促进其风险治理能力的系统提升。     

建设更具韧性的安全发展城市

城市是一个复杂的社会系统,不可能彻底远离风险,但可通过增强韧性,让其拥有更强的能力来应对风险。党的十九届五中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》,提出建设“韧性城市”,反映了城市发展向内涵提升、品质提高转变的时代要求。长期以来,江苏十分重视城市的安全发展建设,城市韧...     

韧性治理：城市公共安全治理的现代转向

城市的发展始终与风险并存,因此亟需转换传统的被动应急处置思维,重塑和优化城市公共安全治理模式。将韧性治理作为研究视角,通过梳理相关概念内涵,搭建“风险治理—适应、应急管理—恢复、危机治理—学习”的城市公共安全韧性治理逻辑框架,提出以韧性理念塑造风险应急文化、以多元主体协同保障应急恢复、以数字技术创新推进应急学习等治理新路径,期待与韧性治理相融合的社会主义现代化安全发展型城市在我国各地全面建设形成。     

锐词

韧性城市韧性一词最早应用于机械学、心理学、生态学等学科,后来被拓展至城市学与规划学研究。城市韧性代表了城市系统面对未来不可预测、不确定的冲击时的应对能力,涵盖基础设施韧性、经济韧性、社会韧性和制度韧性四个重要维度。由于极端天气、自然灾害、传染病等突发事件频频发生,越来越多的城市开始重视韧性城市建设。纽约、伦敦、东京等国际大都市纷纷在城市远景规划中提出增强城市韧性的理念。     

“数据的流动”：数字技术驱动城市韧性治理的理路探析

在数字化城市构建中,“技术赋能”作为理解数字时代下城市公共安全建设的技术分析框架,日益难以解释在实践应用中所涌现的新现象和新问题。聚焦电子数据的流动,有助于理解数字技术嵌入城市韧性建设的过程。基于“流动空间”理论框架,城市韧性数字化建设中的数据流动可以划分为三个层面：数据支撑层、应用平台层和数字空间层。这些层面的交叠与循环展示了数据流动的复杂性。在韧性城市建设过程中,多维数据流动不仅增强城市系统对各种风险的快速响应能力,也促进跨部门之间的紧密协作,并且深化治理体系的参与程度。此外,数据流动通过数字技术为城市韧性建设注入了新的活力,包括敏捷的透视能力、高效的协同整合能力以及深层次的参与能力,为城市的可持续发展和应对未来挑战提供支持。     

电子治理:让城市更有"韧性"

城市韧性主要是指城市在面对冲击时具有抗压、恢复和可持续发展的能力。合格的韧性城市应该能够通过系统组成部分的优化、协调、再组织等吸收和适应灾害,从而使损失最小化,快速恢复至正常运行状态。韧性城市通常具备良好的城市治理能力,而电子治理使得治理在现代社会具备了更好的发展动力、实施基础和法治秩序,展示出重塑社会的强大功能与巨大潜力。电子治理的核心特征主要体现在:一是重视信息通信技术的应用,将其作为电子治理最重要的技术基础;二是强调政府等公共部门与企业、社会的互动,更加注重政府活动和政策决策的民主性;三是电子治理的主要对象为社会公共事务,也就是关系到多个社会主体的事务。提升城市电子治理水平,可从多渠道及时公开信息、健全电子治理法律法规、建立互动性强的电子治理平台等方面着力。     

气候适应型城市建设的理念与实践

气候适应型城市实质上是韧性城市理论的实践与应用,实现了安全理念从“有”到“无”的逻辑转变：即从传统的关注风险如何应对转变为如何创造安全;从以往应急管理思维下如何应对暴雨洪涝、高温热浪等单一或复合灾害,转变为关注未来气候变化背景下城市如何保障生命线正常运转或在灾害冲击下科学有效应对并迅速恢复。气候适应型城市需要搭建智能应灾技术体系和智慧应灾社会体系,通过响应、检测、学习和预测去主动实现气候适应,培育城市应对气候变化的韧性潜能。     

社区治安韧性治理：行动逻辑、能力指向与实现路径

韧性治理是风险时代寻找社会治理有效性的治理理论。将韧性治理引入社区治安治理,适应风险社会的治理逻辑,契合社区警务的内在发展要求,符合新时代多元主体合作的基层协同治理模式。社区治安韧性治理目的是促进韧性能力提升,这些韧性能力包括社区治安的预防力、自治力及学习力。从主体韧性、技术韧性和社会韧性3个层面入手,构建社区治安共同体,夯实组织基础;运用治理技术,提供科技支撑;培育社区社会资本,营造社会环境,促进社区治安韧性能力提升,实现社区治安韧性治理。     

论风险社会的挑战与农村公共安全管理的创新

相对于发达国家和城市地区而言,风险社会到来给我国农村地区的公共安全带来的挑战更多:既必须面对日益增多的非传统风险,又必须承受发达国家和城市转嫁的风险,同时历时性风险将共时性叠加出现。农村公共安全管理的明显缺陷在于物质基础匮乏、管理理念落后、管理手段单一和管理过程残缺。实施整体性治理是农村公共安全管理创新的必由之路。     

韧性城市的建设理念与实践路径

城市不仅要应对自然风险,而且要应对社会风险。随着城市经济社会与生态体系的日益复杂化,调适自然环境与社会环境,减缓风险冲击与扰动的意义愈发重大,韧性城市正是在这一背景下应运而生的应对风险社会新范式。韧性城市的目标是培育城市功能韧性、社区韧性与社会韧性,以确保城市灾害期的基本正常生活秩序以及重灾后迅速恢复至灾前水平的能力。韧性城市建设需要借助智能技术手段和智慧社会体系,全方位提升城市的韧性,以应对各类风险挑战和不确定因素,确保城市安全运行。     

The Doctor on Horseback

正Wu Tianyi, an 86-year-old medical expert and Communist Party of China(CPC) member, has lived and worked on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for over half a century. The plateau, the highest in the world known as the "third pole of the world," covers the entire Tibet Autonomous Region and parts of other surrounding administrative areas. Wu, the founding father of China’s altitude sickness medication, has dedicated his professional life to the research on this particular type of sickness.     

REDESIGNING THE FUTURE

正Xinjiang sees improvement in basic education with help from faraway regions In a classroom of the Lu Xun Primary School in A wat County, Aksu Prefecture in south Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, a variety of 3 D-printed works take shape as students are crafting their models on computers on April 20.     

The Details Are in the Dress Code

'Without silver or flowers a girl won't be a girl," an old Miao minority saying goes. Silver is an important part of their culture, found to this day mostly in Guizhou Province, but also across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan, Hunan, and Hainan provinces. All political affirmations and connotations aside, China's various traditional minority dress codes have had an extensive influ-ence on clothing hangers (inter) nationwide, comprising the full scale from hard-to-handle fabrics to exuberant em-broidery to fantastical earrings.     

The People's Will

The 2021 Election Committee's sub-sector ordinary elections in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) took place on September 19. These were the first elections held follow-ing the improvements to HKSAR's electoral system on March 11, when a decision to enhance this specific HKSAR system was adopted by an overwhelming majority vote at the Fourth Session of the 13th National People's Congress in Beijing. Since Hong Kong's return to the moth-erland in 1997, the collusion between anti-China forces from Western countries and "Hong Kong independence" advocates has led to repeated outbursts of violence, se-verely undermining local social stability. Moreover, several "independence" advocates entered the local authorities by exploiting loopholes in the region's electoral system. Taking advantage of their positions, they not only supported unrest in Hong Kong but also actively engaged in the planning of "Hong Kong independence," jeopardizing China's territorial sovereignty and security. In this context, the Central Government had to take swift action to improve the HKSAR electoral system and, in doing so, plug the holes.     

Love for Love

A Shanghai doctor gives back to herdsmen by serving them in Tibet The drain in Zhou Jian’s bathroom is clogged with hair again. The 48-year-old has a buzz cut and lives alone, but he said the drain blocks twice a month."It never happened when I was in Shanghai. I’m losing my hair much faster on the plateau," Zhou, Vice President of the Xigaze People’s Hospital in Tibet Autonomous Region, southwest China, told Beijing Review.     

BURNING BRIGHT

正Beijing Winter Olympics preparations are well underway The Olympic flame was ignited on October 18, in Ancient Olympia, Greece, marking a milestone for the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022. Present at the flame lighting ceremony was Yu Zaiqing, a special representative of Beijing 2022, who also witnessed years ago such a ceremony for the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.     

“风险政务”:国际状况与我国的建设方略

"风险政务"的提出源自于风险社会的国际背景和我国转型期综合风险膨胀的国情。在国际上,英国、加拿大等西方国家已将"风险政务"纳入公共管理的日常工作并发挥了实际作用。我国政府在重点防范危机风险的同时,应加大重视政务活动中的常态风险,从战略、体制、机制、标准、手段、文化等方面着手,全面构建"风险政务"体系,推动实现政府善治。     

Relief Program Sheds Light on the Needy

As the widening gap between the rich and poor has become a major byproduct of China’s nonstop economic growth over the past decades,the improvement of the disadvantaged group’s livelihood has become a top government concern.While numerous cities are working out their plans for"livelihood improvement projects,"local governments are making efforts to establish a sustainable mechanism that provides prompt,adequate relief to the needy.Licheng District in Jinan,capital of Shandong province,sets an example.     

PEOPLE OF THE GRASSLAND

正Four seasons in the Nalati Grassland Kazak herder Zhalyn Rakhymzhan returned to his home in the Nalati Grassland even though this meant giving up admission to a university in Urumqi, capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, about 10 years ago. "Life is too fast in Urumqi," Zhalyn Rakhymzhan told Beijing Review, "I'm glad that I came back! We live a very simple life here."     

淮海经济区核心区经济联系测度与发展策略研究

该文运用中心职能指数和空间隶属关系对淮海核心区城市进行等级划分,运用重力模型对淮海核心区的经济联系进行测度,据此分析区域内城市经济辐射与空间结构。结果表明,目前淮海核心区形成了纵向联系为主轴的空间结构,城市等级尚不清晰。然后通过区位商的比较分析,确定了淮海核心区各城市的比较优势产业。最后提出淮海核心区促进经济发展、加快一体化建设的策略。