民事判决书基本结构的完善

根据最高人民法院1 992年试行的《法院诉讼文书样式》 (以下简称92样式 )规定 ,当前一审民事判决书的基本结构和要求为 :(1 )首部。主要内容是诉讼参加人及其基本情况、案件由来、审判组织和开庭审理过程 ;(2 )当事人的诉称和辩称。概述当事人的诉讼请求、争议事实和理由 ;(3 )以“经审理查明”为开头的法院认定的事实和证据 ;(4)以“本院认为”为引言的判决理由 ;(5)判决结果。许多法院在探讨民事判决书改革时 ,认为改革首先要遵循的原则是要“依法”进行 ,即在最高法院 92样式的框架内 ,寻求增强文书说服力的写作方法。笔者认为 ,92样式作…     

German Constitutional Law: The Protection of Civil Liberties

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论民事立法权的宪法约束

法国、德国和日本民法典的制定过程表明,民事立法权来自于宪法的授予,且其行使须遵守宪法设置的立法权限与程序,立法机关亦不得制定在内容上与宪法规范相抵触的民法规范。在现代立宪国家,立法机关建构民事法律体系的义务来自于宪法基本权利规范作为客观法秩序的功能。我国既有的民法立法没有充分注意宪法的约束作用,这给未来《民法典》的编纂留下了合宪性隐患。建立完善的民事法律体系不仅有赖于民法学家的睿智,也需要宪法学界的参与。     

宪法哲学:公民生活与宪法完善的有效连接

宪法是什么这个问题是宪法学研究的逻辑起点,而公民的生活方式是它的妥善回答。故宪法不应高高在上,理应与公民生活紧密相连,而宪法哲学是连接两者的合适路径。宪法哲学能在公民的生活世界中找寻优良生活方式并推动正确的宪法规范的形成,促进宪法的完善。     

宪法权利与民事权利关系辨

宪法是一国法律体系中的根本法,民法是对宪法在民事领域的具体化;但宪法又是公法,与作为私法的民法有本质上的区别。与此相对应,宪法权利与民事权利在性质、内容和行使方式等方面存在差别,但宪法权利功能的变迁又使其有影响民事权利发展的可能性。人权是整体法律体系的价值基础,人权入宪为宪法权利通过其体现的人权价值影响民事权利提供了法律基础,尽管如此,两者仍是不同性质的权利,宪法权利规范不能直接用于调整私人间的民事权利义务关系。     

The ICC and Russian Constitutional Problems

The Statute of the International Criminal Court (the ICC Statute)has not yet been submitted to the Russian parliamentary chambers,the Duma, and the Council of the Federation. However, an Inter-AgencyPanel led by the Ministry of Justice has been set up, with aview to drafting amendments to current Russian legislation andfacilitating Russia's cooperation with the ICC. Major problemsstanding in the way of Russia's ratification include certainprovisions of Russia's Constitution, which, for instance, donot provide for an international court substituting nationalcourts, and lay down the right to jury trial and the right toseek pardon. However, there are various ways of reconcilingthe Constitution with the ICC Statute. In short, there are noinsurmountable legal hurdles to harmonizing the Russian Constitutionand laws with the ICC Statute: the question of Russia's ratificationis mostly a question of political will.     

Constitutional Irresolution: Law and the Framing of Civil Society

Abstract: Against the constitutional optimism that pervades our political rationality, I will argue the case for a disorganised civil society, genuinely plural, resistant to dominant representations that call it into line and thus undercut its radical potential. I will explore some of the more adventurous and persuasive such attempts to argue for an inclusive constitutionalism, one that supposedly reaches out to civil society and in order to do so relaxes the rigidity of its own terms, to harbour and host the diversity it aspires to represent. I will argue that these attempts at inclusion create constitutional irresolutions either forcing impossible demands on constitutionalism or dispelling the disorganisation it is meant to give expression to. I will then argue that in spite of the inability to capture them as constitutional moments, politics of ‘pure presence’ and real self‐determination are possible, and against constitutional mystifications, resistance might find its opportunity in praxis, understood in the language of praxis philosophy (more specifically the work of Antonio Negri).     

Problems of Modernizing the Constitutional Order

The author surveys different approaches to constitutional reform and summarizes the results of an expert study conducted by the Institute of Law and Public Policy.     

论宪法基本权利在民法中的效力

基于宪法之控权品质,宪法基本权利对民事立法、国库行为中的给付行政、民事司法解释和法院填补法律漏洞之行为有直接效力;宪法基本权利对国库行为中的行政辅助行为和行政营利行为、私人间民事行为仅有间接之效力;宪法基本权利对民事司法解释有直接效力,对法官造法及法院填补法律漏洞有直接效力。     

论刑事司法权利的宪法保护

公民受刑事追究时享有一系列程序性权利 ,涉及人身自由和安全的保障 ,属于基本人权范畴。此类权利应当具有防范国家司法权力侵害的防御功能 ,因此仅仅通过刑事诉讼法予以确定和保护是不够的 ,还应当由宪法加以确定和保障。保障公民的刑事司法权利应当是尊重和保障人权的核心内容。借鉴各国宪法的规定以及有关国家宪法实践 ,我国应当完善公民刑事程序权利宪法保护。     

三农问题的宪法学思考

由于不能解决地方机构臃肿、地方政府腐败和滥权以及地方财政困境,取消农业税的税制改革难以应对“税费反弹”现象,仅仅是暂时缓解农民负担的权宜之计,并不是解决“三农”问题的长久之道。从宪法学角度看,“三农”问题的解决,有赖于完善地方民主与法治,从以行政为主导的中央控制模式转向以司法为主导的权利保障模式。中央干预的目的不在于亲自解决十分具体的问题,而应指向提供解决问题的制度。     

Deliberation at the European Convention: The Final Verdict

Abstract:  Negotiations in Amsterdam 1996 and Nice 2000 resulted in deadlocks impossible to break. The failure of these Intergovernmental Conferences gave rise to demands for a new and improved process of treaty reform. The answer offered by the European Council in Laeken was to create a Convention with a mandate to prepare the next reform of the treaties. The broad composition of this Convention raised hopes for a process not exclusively defined by bargaining on behalf of national interests, but rather a more open process where actors would be prepared to listen to each other's arguments. Today, we find two divergent images of deliberation in this body. The first sees the Convention as a deliberative success story; the second argues bargaining dominated the proceedings. However, this far the empirical evidence in support of either claim has been inconclusive. On the basis of interviews with 28 conventioneers, this article ventures a 'final verdict' on the matter, arguing that deliberation was, indeed, a defining characteristic of the proceedings.     

再谈民法与宪法的关系

宪法与民法的关系问题既是一个重大理论问题,同时也关乎对<物权法>等基本民事立法合理性、合法性的评判问题.民法内容固然不能直接与宪法规定相抵触,但民法中大部分有关公民权利的规定并非直接基于宪法的授权,更不是来自于统治者的恣意妄为,而是来自干对人的自然权利的立法确认.财产权是民事权利的核心,因此它应当受到法律的特别保护.宪法作为根本法主要是在政治的意义上被强调,而不是在规范的意义上被重视.民法由于调整对象的基本性,因此构成政治生活的基础,当然也成为宪法赖以发挥作用的根本之所在.     

宪政视野下民事权利基本问题的探讨

民事权利是组成社会最基本的细胞———公民、法人和其他社会组织最基本的法律权利。民事权利的自然权利说、意思说、法益说、法力说揭示了民事权利本质的四个层面,即"自然为理"、"意思为体"、"利用为用"、"法力为形式"。从宪政视界考察,一方面,民事权利形成和发展是孕育宪政环境并促成宪政产生一个重要的条件,另一方面,宪政又是发展公民民事基本权利的关键手段,发展公民民事基本权利是宪政的终极目的和归宿。应正确认识民法与宪法的关系,构建一个以民法为基本法,以刑法、行政法等法律法规为配合的网状维权(利)、控权(力)系统,并统一于宪法,才能构建一个完整、和谐、统一的民事权利保障体系。     

基本权利与民事权利的区分及宪法对民法的影响

宪法上的基本权利与民事权利在义务人、权利广度、权利保护强度和对义务人的道德要求方面有本质区别。基于这种区分,关于宪法私法效力的直接效力说固然在理论上有导致权利冲突和损伤私法自治的弊端,间接效力说一样有过度确认民事权利的缺陷,而且后者在理论上也有很多弱点,两说均不足采。在未立法化的民事利益的保护问题上,宪法不应当对民法有影响,宪法对民法的影响应当限于制约强者的方面,并可借助“国家行为”的理论结构来发展我国的法解释。     

人民陪审制的价值及改革

人民陪审制是法治与民主的一个连结点,有助于司法程序和裁判结果的正当化,有助于公民对审判活动直接有效的监督,也是法治精神向社会渗透的有效途径。但是我国人民陪审制度的适用和发展欠缺一个平稳的社会环境,法律对人民陪审制度的规定缺乏连续性,法律对陪审员的职权设定同其专业素质要求存在内在矛盾,法律对人民陪审制度规定不完备,导致目前人民陪审制度在法律地位上的可有可无。应该完善人民陪审员的产生过程,优化陪审员的结构,增加参加合议庭的陪审员人数,加强人民陪审员的管理和培训,从而完善人民陪审制。     

论刑民冲突之宪法调适

“刑民冲突”现象乃法律规范竞合之一种,惟在宪法的调适下方有合理解决之可能。宪法上的罪刑法定原则与私法自治原则为协调刑民冲突之规范基础,它确立了刑法规范在刑事案件审理中的绝对优先适用地位,但是也为国家公权力机关干预私经济活动、维护市场经济秩序设置了宪法界限及行为准则。在“刑民冲突”案件中,司法机关当以宪法规范为依据,依循“合宪性解释”、“目的解释”等方法对刑法规范与民法规范尽量形成规范内涵、规范意旨协调一致之解释。     

我国公务员培训现状、问题与对策

对公务员进行培训,既有利于公务员个体德才素质全面提升,也有利于促进整个社会协调和谐发展。自公务员制度正式推行以来,我国公务员培训工作取得了较大的成就,但毕竟由于时间很短,与发达国家相比在许多方面还存在较大的差距,因此,我们必须积极吸收和借鉴西方发达国家的经验,结合我国实际寻找对策,推进我国公务员培训制度逐步走向法制化和科学化。     

The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Conflict: Constitutional Supremacy in Europe before and after the Constitutional Treaty

Abstract:  One of the core constitutional questions for national constitutional courts in the EU in the past decades has been whether to accept the claim made by the Court of Justice that EU law is the supreme law of the land, taking primacy even over conflicting national constitutional provisions. With the inclusion in the recently adopted Constitutional Treaty of a clause explicitly confirming the 'primacy of EU Law' appearances suggest that the EU is about to establish a characteristic of mature, vertically integrated, federal states such as the USA. This article argues that this view is mistaken. It develops a comprehensive jurisprudential framework for addressing constitutional conflicts, 'Constitutionalism Beyond the State' (CBC). CBS detaches the discussion of supremacy and constitutional conflict from a statist framework; provides a jurisprudential account that explains and justifies the highly differentiated, context-sensitive and dynamic set of conflict rules that national courts have in the past adopted; and provides the lacking theoretical basis for the more attractive, but undertheorised sui generis accounts of European constitutional practice that have recently gained ground in the literature. CBS provides a jurisprudentially grounded reconstructive account of why the issue of constitutional conflict is as rich and complicated in Europe as it is and why it is likely to remain so even if the Constitutional Treaty is ratified. The article then goes on to make concrete proposals addressed to national constitutional courts and the Court of Juctise respectively about how, in application of the developed approach, constitutional conflicts ought to be addressed doctrinally. It includes a proposal to read the new 'constitutional identity' clause as authorising Member States as a matter of EU Law to set aside EU Law on constitutional grounds under certain circumstances.     

论革命根据地司法判决的风格

革命根据地判词在中国近代判词发展史上处于一个极为独特的地位,其上承民国时期,下启新中国成立.一方面传承了古代判词及民国时期判词的某些特点,一方面又强烈地体现出特定时期的通俗性、政策性与情感性,不论是结构模式的逻辑化还是语汇的专业化程度均出现新的变化,说理亦颇具感染效果.其成功经验和教训对当代判词制作具有借鉴与参考价值,尤其在当今裁判文书上网机制下①,如何让判决书面向公众,更显启迪意义.