Analyse quantitative des lipides, des substances azotees et du glycogene chez la larve d'un insecte parasite ovo-larvaire Phanerotoma flavitestacea (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Résumé Après un développement endoparasite, la larve dePhanerotoma flavitestacea Fischer devient ectoparasite et sarcophage des chenilles d'Anagasta kuehniella. L'analyse chimique de la larve ectoparasite in toto, avant et après ingestion de l'h?te d'une part, des ressources alimentaires du parasite constituées par la chenille d'autre part permet de dresser un bilan biochimique. Le poids sec de la larve, ainsi que les lipides, les substances azotées et le glycogène subissent une augmentation importante et significative au cours de la phase sarcophage, en un temps relativement court. Les taux de conversion de la nourriture ingérée en substances du corps ont des valeurs élevées, ce qui indique que la larve ectoparasite assimile avec un très bon rendement les matières ingérées. Il faut également noter la nature nettement lipidique du catabolisme au cours de cette phase. Les résultats acquis sur la composition qualitative et quantitative des constituants du parasite sont discutés également en relation avec son alimentation.

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Summary After an endoparasitic development, the larva ofPhanerotoma flavitestacea becomes ectoparasitic and sarcophagous ofAnagasta kuehniella caterpillars. The chemical analysis of the ectoparasitic larva in toto, before and after the ingestion of the host, and of the parasite's food, permits the establishment of a rationale for larval biochemistry. The larval dry weight, lipids, nitrogenous matters and glycogen are subject to a high and significant increase, during a comparatively short period: however, the proportions of each component are not significately modified. Efficiencies of conversion of ingested food to body substance have high values which indicate that the ectoparasitic larva assimilates the ingested food with high efficiency. During this period, the nature of catabolism is lipidic. The results concerning the qualitative and quantitative composition of the parasite's components in relation to its food are discussed.

     

Dispersal of normal and irradiated laboratory strains and wild strains of the olive fly Dacus oleae in an olive grove

Studies on the dispersal rates of normal and γ-irradiated laboratory-reared, and wildDacus oleae (Gmelin) were carried out in an olive grove using protein-baited McPhail traps. No differences were found in the dispersal rates of normal and irradiated laboratory-cultured flies, or between males and females. The mean distance travelled by the surviving flies up to 2 weeks after release was 180–190 m, and by that time only ca. 13% of the flies remained alive in the grove. No laboratory-reared flies were trapped outside the olive grove. The limited amount of data, obtained with wild flies, suggested that they may disperse over greater distances than laboratory-reared flies.

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Résumé L'étude de la vitesse de dispersion deD. oleae soit sauvage, soit élevée en laboratoire, avec ou sans exposition aux rayons γ, a été réalisée en oliveraie en utilisant des pièges Mac Phail, avec pour attractif une proté?ne. Aucune différence n'a été enregistrée entre la vitesse de dispersion des mouches (quel que soit leur sexe) provenant d'élevage en laboratoire qu'elles aient été irradiées ou non. La distance moyenne parcourue par les mouches survivantes, deux semaines après le lacher, est de 180 à 190 m. Le pourcentage de survie de ces mouches dans le verger, 15 jours après leur liberation, est de 13% environ. Aucune des mouches provenant d'élevage en laboratoire n'a été capturée après le lacher, en dehors des vergers d'oliviers. Les résultats obtenus avec les mouches sauvages, bien que plus limités, indiquent que celles-ci peuvent se disperser sur des distances plus importantes que les mouches élevées en laboratoire.

     

Disruption of pheromone communication with micro-encapsulated antipheromones against Adoxophyes orana

The antipheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth,Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), a mixture oftrans-9 andtrans-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the proportion 9: 1, has been formulated in microcapsules for spraying in a disruption experiment. Three sprays with 2 weeks interval have been applied against the second flight ofA. orana during August and September 1974 in an unsprayed 0.2 hectare plot of an apple orchard. The fact that fewer moths have been caught in the monitoring sex pheromone traps in the treated area indicates that sufficient antipheromone was present in the orchard to cause disruption of the pheromone communication. The lower number of larvae of the next generation found in the treated area provides further support to favourable prospects for this pest control method.

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Résumé L'antiphéromone de la tordeuse du pommier,Adoxophyes orana, un mélange de trans-9 et trans-11 tetradecenyl acétate, dans une proportion 9:1, a été formulée en microcapsules en vue d'un essai d'interruption de la reproduction. Pendant le deuxième vol deA. orana en ao?t-septembre, 3 pulvérisations ont été effectuées dans une partie d'un verger de pommiers de 0,2 ha. Dans la z?ne traitée, les captures très réduites dans les pièges à phéromone sexuelle indiquent qu'il y avait assez d'antiphéromone répandue dans le verger pour entra?ner une interruption de la communication entre les sexes. Le fait que le nombre de chenilles de la génération suivante était également diminué dans la parcelle traitée, offre de bonnes perspectives pour cette méthode de lutte.

     

Incorporation of tritiated thymidine in germinal and somatic cells of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), as determined by autoradiography

Incorporation of³H-thymidine both in germinal and somatic cell types in young male adults of the onion fly,Hylemya antiqua (Meigen) reveals among other things the temporal pattern of spermatogenesis. Labeling of cells in the female reproductive organs is also described. Nuclei of fat cells, midgut epithelium, accessory glands and muscles, and occasionally hemocytes also show labeling. In oenocytes and the Malpighian tubules tritiated thymidine is incorporated in the cytoplasm.

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Résumé L'incorporation de³H-thymidine dans les cellules germinales et somatiques de jeunes adultes males de la mouche de l'oignon,Hylemya antiqua, (Meigen) révèle, entre autres, l'évolution dans le temps du processus de la spermatogenèse. Une telle évolution de l'ovogenèse ne peut pas être démontrée chez les femelles, le marquage y étant très statique. Dans les tissus somatiques l'isotope est retenu dans les noyaux des cellules adipeuses, de l'épithélium du mésentéron, des glandes accessoires et des muscles, et, parfois, des haemocytes. Dans les oenocytes et les tubes de Malpighi la thymidine tritiée est incorporée dans la cytoplasme.

     

Effect of various factors on the activity of sucrase from the larvae of Sesamia inferens

Salivary gland sucrase activity fromSesamia inferens Wlk. was optimal at pH 5.8 and temperature 35°. It increased up to 1.5% final sucrose concentration, but higher concentrations had no effect. A dialysed preparation showed a 37.5% reduction in the activity. It was accelerated by tryptophan and inhibited by all other amino acids used. Gut sucrase activity ofS. inferens was optimal at pH 6.2 and temperature 30°. It increased sharply up to 0.66% final sucrose concentration, and then gradually up to 1.5% while further increase in the concentration had no effect. A dialysed preparation showed an 8% increase in activity. Activity was not affected by serine; was accelerated by arginine, cystine, methionine, tryptophan and valine; and inhibited by alanine, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, leucine, phenylalanine, proline and tyrosine. End-products increased with the incubation period and showed inhibitory effects. With the increase of enzyme concentration the rate of sucrose hydrolysis also increased. K⁺ ions accelerated the activity of the dialysed preparation. It was also accelerated by Li⁺⁺ ions up to their final concentration of 0.001 M, but inhibited when their final concentration increased (0.01 M and 0.025 M). TRIS also inhibited the activity.

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Résumé Deux types d'extraits ont été étudiés séparément: la sucrase extraite des glandes salivaires et celle extraite de l'intestin moyen. L'activité optimale de la sucrase salivaire s'observe pour un pH 5,8 et une température de 35°; celle de la sucrase de l'intestin moyen pour un pH 6,2 et une température de 30°. Cependant les extraits dialysés, d' origine salivaire ou d'origine intestinale, ont une activité optimum pour un même pH (5,8). L'activité des deux sucrases s'accro?t proportionnellement à la durée de la période d'incubation. L'activité de la sucrase salivaire s'accro?t nettement, jusqu'à une concentration finale en sucrose de 1.5%, alors que pour la sucrase intestinale, 90% de l'activité maximale est réalisée pour une concentration finale en sucrose de 0.66%. Quand la concentration en sucrose atteint ou dépasse 1,5% il se forme alors un oligosaccharide dont la synthèse équilibre l'hydrolyse du sucrose, ce qui rend l'activité de la sucrase constante au-dessus d'une concentration finale en sucrose≥1,5%. Cette synthèse d'un oligosaccharide intervient quand on utilise une forte concentration de sucrase, ce qui entraine la production de glucose et fructose en grande quantité; avec une faible concentration de l'extrait on n'observe pas la synthèse d'oligosaccharide. Les ions K⁺ accélèrent l'activité des extraits dialysés, d'origine salivarie ou intestinale; les ions Li⁺⁺ sont également favorables jusqu'à une concentration de 0,001 M, cette action devenant inhibitrice à partir de 0,005 ou 0.025 M; les ions TRIS, à 0,025 M ont également un effet inhibiteur. Certains acides aminés accélèrent l'activité de la sucrase salivaire ou intestinale, d'autres au contraire ont une action inhibitrice.

     

Effets de l'irradiation X sur les chenilles de Bombyx mori dans diverses conditions d'alimentation et de jeune

Résumé Nous modifions le cycle nutritionnel des chenilles deBombyx mori, durant les premières 24 heures des deux premiers ages larvaires, avant ou après irradiation X. La chenille avant toute alimentation est très radiorésistante, le je?ne ne modifie pas cette radiorésistance. Suivant le moment du cycle physiologique (lorsque celui-ci est enclenché) où le je?ne est imposé, il diminuera ou augmentera la radiosensibilité des chenilles.

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Summary Silkworms (Bombyx mori) were exposed to irradiation in the 1st and 2nd larval instars. The effects, as indicated by mortality or by failure to moult, were studied in relation to a period of starvation (24 h at 22°). Before the initiation of feeding, in either instar, the larvae were very resistant to irradiation; and fasting did not modify this resistance. Probably this was due to physiological quiescence. After the initiation of feeding, the interposition of a fast either augmented or decreased radiation tolerance, probably according to the phase of the physiological cycle involving feeding and moulting.

     

Neither New nor Right

Vu de Droite. By A. de Benoist. Paris: Copernic, 1977. Pp. 626.

Les idées à l'endroit. By A. de Benoist. Paris: Editions libres, Hallier. 1979. Pp. 298.

La Nouvelle Droite. Edited by J. Brunn. Paris: Oswald. 1979. Pp. 391.     

In search of French planning: Ideas and history at work

La France restaurée, 1944–1954. By François Bloch‐Lainé and Jean Bouvier with prologue by Jean‐Pierre Rioux. Paris: Fayard, 1986. Pp.338 with appendices and index.

De Monnet à Massé: Enjeux politiques et objectifs économiques dans le cadre des quatre premiers Plans (1946–1965). Edited by Henry Rousso. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1986. Pp.245 Index.

Les comptes de la puissance: Histoire de la compatibilité nationale et du plan. By François Fourquet. Paris: Editions Recherches, 1980. Pp. 462, notes, index and bibliographies.

Le Prince et la conjoncture. By Alain Siaens. Paris: Duculot Perspectives, 1985. Pp. 189 with appendices.     

French administration: Sanctified or demystified?∗

Birnbaum, Pierre. Les sommets de l"Etat.,Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977, pp. 186.

Chevallier, Jacques. ‘L'intérêt général dans l'Administration française’, Revue Internationale des Sciences administratives, 41 (4), 1975, pp. 325–350.

‘La participation dans l'administration française: discours et pratique’, Bulletin de l'Institut international d'Administration publique, I. janvier‐mars, 1976, pp. 85–119; II. juillet‐septembre, 1976, pp. 85–142.

Grémion, Pierre. Le Pouvoir Périphérique. Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1976, pp. 478.

Machin, Howard. The Prefect in French Public Administration. London: Croom Helm, 1977, pp. 210.

Poulantzas, Nicos (éd.) La Crise de l'Etat. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976, pp. 348.

Vallet, Odon. L'E.N.A. toute nue. Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1977, pp. 133.     

Short notices

Jacques Frémeaux, Le monde arabe et la sécurité de la France depuis 1958. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995. 328pp. Ind. Bibl. FF198.00.

Gérard Chaliand and Jean‐Pierre Rageau, The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas, trans. from the French by A. M. Berrett. London: Viking, 1995. xxii+183pp. Maps. Illus. £20.00.

Franco Ferraroti, The Temptation to Forget: Racism, Anti‐Semitism, Neo‐Nazism. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1994 (Contributions in Sociology, 110). 190pp. Notes. Bibl. £44.95.

Les Back, New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives. London: UCL Press, 1996 (Race and Representation, 2). xii+288pp. Appends. Notes. Bibl. Ind. £12.95 (pbk).     

A comparison of the feeding behaviour in teneral and post-teneral Glossina morsitans (Diptera, Glossinidae) using an artificial membrane

Post-teneral flies are much more reluctant to feed through an artificial membrane than are inexperienced, teneral flies. It is possible to separate those stimuli which are important to flies of all ages, regardless of experience, from those which become important with feeding experience. ATP is necessary at all ages if flies, following successful probing, are to suck up a blood meal. Factors such as host odour, blood factors other than ATP, skin texture and skin movements probably influence this aspect of feeding behaviour only after the fly, through experience, has come to associate them with feeding.

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Résumé Cette étude expérimentale utilise avec quelque modification la technique d'alimentation sur membrane artificielle décrite par Langley & Maly (1969). Le stimulant alimentaire est une solution d'ATP dont la concentration optimale est 10⁻³ M pour les jeunes adultes, cependant que cette concentration doit être augmentée pour les adultes agés. Sans doute ces derniers insectes sont-ils sensibles à d'autres stimuli alimentaires, per?us dans les conditions d'alimentation préalable sur un h?te normal, tels que l'odeur de l'h?te, la texture et le mouvement de la peau, les constituants chimiques du sang autres que l'ATP.

     

Ways of seeing killing

Eric Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing. Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1994. xvi+354pp. Notes. Ind. Illus. £25.95.

Yves Ternon, L'État criminel: les génocides au XXe siècle. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995. 449pp. Notes. Bibl. Ind. FF 140.     

Antisemitic Europe and the ‘Third Way’: The Ideas of Maurice Bardèche

Abstract

Maurice Bardèche is an important neo-fascist writer whose ideas derive from those of Pierre Drieu la Rochelle and Robert Brasillach. After 1945 he argued that right-wing thought had been ghettoized and even imprisoned by a post-Nuremberg liberal political establishment. In the face of a US military and cultural occupation of Western Europe and an encroaching Communist Soviet menace, Bardèche argued for a united European ‘third force’ to confront these two enemies. His dream was of a fascist-ruled Europe that would regenerate and defend the continent and the West against Communism and liberalism. Organic and idealist fascist states, without the faults of Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy, would implement a moral revolution, bolster economic affairs and prevent Europe being swamped by foreign goods, such as Asian electronics. He regretted Europe's membership of NATO and its being sucked into Cold War conflicts in the Middle East and in support of Israel. Europe's and fascism's enemies were blamed for all their ills, and a Jewish conspiracy was blamed for its campaign against the world whether in the guise of US financial power or through its control of Bolshevism, the latter being judged responsible for terrorism and subversion in the developing world. Bardèche was purely a warrior of the pen, and was important primarily for providing a link between fascism and neo-fascism and a training ground for new fascist writers in his journal Défense de l'Occident.     

Book reviews

Christian Democracy in Western Germany. By Geoffrey Pridham. London: Croom Helm, 1977. Pp. 371. £9.95.

The Power of the Purse: The Role of European Parliaments in Budgetary Decisions. By David Coombes et al. PEP, Allen &; Unwin, 1976. Pp. 393. £12.00.

Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg. By Bradley F. Smith. London: Andre Deutsch, 1977. Pp. xviii+349. Illus., Index, Biblio. £6.50.

Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo‐Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans. Background, Execution, Consequences. By Alfred de Zayas. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Pp. xxvii+268. £5.95.

Innen‐ und Aussenpolitik unter nationalsozialistischer Bedrohung: Deter‐minanten internationaler Beziehungen in historischen Fallstudien. Edited by Erhard Forndran, Frank Golczewski and Dieter Riesenberger. Opladen: West Deutscher Verlag, 1977. Pp. 361, DM 49.

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933. By Sally Marks. London: Macmillan, 1976. Pp. 184; £5.95, £2.95 paper.

French Society 1789–1970. By Georges Dupeux. London: Methuen &; Co, 1976. Pp. ix+294. £7.50, Paperback £3.90.

Strategic de la grève. By Bertrand Badie. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1977. Pp. xi+263. Fr. 78.

A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. By Alistair Horne. Mac‐millan 1977. Pp. 604. £8.95.

Les Politiques Extérieures Européenes dans la Crise. Edited by Alfred Grosser. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1976. Pp. 198. Fr. 85.

L'Avenir est Notre Affaire. By Denis de Rougemont. Paris: Editions Stock, 1977. Pp. 375.

Les Sommets de l'Etat: Essai sur l'élite du pouvoir en France. By Pierre Birnbaum. Paris: Editions due Seuil, 1977. Pp. 188.

Planning and Politics: The British Experience 1970–76. By Michael Shanks. PEP, George Allen and Unwin, 1977. Pp. 142. £6.50 hardback, £2.95 paperback.

Politische Planungssyteme. Edited by Frieder Naschold and Werner Vath. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1973. Pp. 478. DM. 19,80.

Einführung in das politische System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. By Frank Pilz. Munich: Beck'sche Elementarbücher, Verlag C.H. Beck, 1977. Pp. 366. DM. 28,—.

Soziologie und Sozialpolitik. Edited by Christian von Ferber and Franz Xaver Kaufmann. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1977. Pp. 649. DM. 64,—

The British Cabinet. By John P. Mackintosh. Stevens, 1977 (Third Edition). Pp. xv+656. £5.75.

The History of Political Thought: A Short Introduction. By R. N. Berki. London: J. M. Dent and Son, 1977. Bibliography and Index. Pp. vi+216. £2.95.

France Today: Introductory Studies. Edited by J. E. Flower. London: Methuen, 1977 (Third edition rev.). Pp. vi+190. £2.75 paperback.

Det utrolige dognet (The incredible day). By Bjorn Bjornsen. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1977. Pp. 304.     

Grece in German

Explanations of racism in contemporary Britain

Zig Layton‐Henry, The Politics of Race in Britain. London: Allen &; Unwin, 1984. xvi +191pp. Bibl. Ind. £15.00; £6.95.

Robert Miles and Annie Phizacklea, White Man's Country: Racism in British Politics. London and Sydney: Pluto Press, 1984. viii+ 184pp. Notes. £4.95.

Understanding fanaticism

André Haynal, Miklos Molnar and Gérard de Puymège, Fanaticism: A Historical and Psychoanalytical Study. New York: Schocken Books, 1983. Translated from the French by Linda Butler Koseoglu. vi + 282pp. Bibl. Ind. $19.95.

Hitler in fact and in fiction

Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984. xxxvi +219pp. Plates. Append. Bibl. Ind. £12.95.

Alvin Rosenfeld, Imagining Hitler. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. xx +121pp. Bibl. Ind. $15.     

The fascist who would be king: Count Geoffrey Potocki de Montalk

ABSTRACT

Macklin and Fowlie explore the political life of Count Potocki de Montalk, a poet, pagan and pretender to the Polish throne. Count Potocki is perhaps most famous as a minor cause célèbre among London’s literary intelligentsia after his imprisonment for obscene libel in 1932. Historians, when they consider him at all, often discount him, viewing him as little more than a colourful eccentric, a view reinforced by Stephanie de Montalk’s fascinating biography of the man, which appeared in 2001. Eccentric he most certainly was. However, as this article demonstrates, Potocki also played a key role as an enabler of fascist and extreme right-wing activism through the services he provided myriad groups as a printer of their literature, a career that spanned the interwar and post-war periods. The article examines how his preposterous pursuit of the Polish Crown, coupled with the innate elitism this engendered, led him to reject egalitarianism and democracy and embrace fascism. While the Spanish Civil War saw an outpouring of literature from his literary contemporaries in support of the Spanish Republic, Potocki responded by establishing The Right Review as a mouthpiece for his own personal mélange of monarchism and fascism. Utilizing newly released security service files combined with archival research in the newly deposited Searchlight archive at Northampton University, this article pays closer attention to the political side of Potocki’s activities than has hitherto been the case, particularly his wartime publishing activities. This includes his anti-Soviet pamphlet on the Katyn massacre, which caused great vexation in government circles for fear of the harm Potocki’s (correct) accusations might do to relations with Britain’s crucial wartime ally. The authors conclude with a detailed examination of the role Potocki played in post-war National Socialist networks, for both personal and political ends, not least of which was his continued efforts to further his claim to the Polish throne, which he never ceased to believe was his by divine right.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: D. J. Hardman . Snowy Scheme Management and Administration. W. R. Crocker . Australian Ambassador. H. G. Gelber , editor. Problems of Australian Defence. Oxford University Press Alan Darbel and Dominique Schnapper . Les Agents du Système Administratif. G. C. Somers and W. D. Wood , editors, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Manpower Policies. Proceedings of a North American conference, under the auspices of a Center for Studies in Vocational and Technical Education of the University of Wisconsin and the Industrial Relations Center of Queen's University, Ontario; and sponsored by the Canadian Department of Manpower and Immigration and the United States Department of Labor John Keating . Mind the Curve.     

Material mnemonics and competing narratives in Palestine-Israel

Since 1948 the re-designation of depopulated Palestinian villages as national parks has evoked Lippet’s “cartography of nowhere”, as ruins and unmarked sites are subsumed in the process of material forgetting. Juxtaposing narratives and material mnemonics, this article assumes the villages of Deir Yassin, Suba, Kufr Bir’im and Iqrit as case studies to determine the extent to which memory infuses ruins with the ability to counter contemporary narratives. The article subsequently explores the use of debris in the sustenance of national memory, and questions how far “haunting” the land through commemorative tours and in situ story-telling renders the ruins noeuds de mémoire, as opposed to lieux de mémoire. Finally, the transition of the ruins from sites of history to sites of activism is charted through the use of theatre and technology that draw on the past and present as forms of cultural resistance.     

Changing Attitudes to the Past: Lieux de Mémoire and Contested Histories

What societies choose to remember about the Past can pose challenges for professional gatekeepers in museums, archives and statutory bodies charged with managing national heritage. Recent examples examined in this article include the inauguration of the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, the 2016 Capability Brown Festival, changing attitudes towards poppies and the Rhodes Must Fall movement. These are explored through establishing a taxonomy of the eight functions that lieux de mémoire fulfil in the course of reflecting the Past to the Present. Drawing attention to the way in which the imperialism of the Past is buried beneath the pristine lawns of Capability Brown's gardens in the Present, this article concludes by warning that lieux de mémoire can provide an aesthetic veneer, glossing over aspects of the Past that societies, or elites within those societies, would, for their own purposes, rather forget.     

Leadership transition and Chinese foreign polic

This essay examines the nature of China’s leadership transition, contending perspectives on Chinese foreign policy, and new foreign policy orientation. By examining leadership transition and new policy development, this essay demonstrates change and continuity in Chinese foreign policy. For analyzing new policy orientation, the following points require special attention. First, the fundamental goal of Chinese foreign policy is to create a peaceful environment for socioeconomic development. Second, “do not seek enemy” has become an essential part of China’s foreign policy. Third, pragmatism and professionalism are becoming key features of Beijing’s diplomacy. Finally, China’s new leaders are facing enormous domestic and international challenges. They must learn to balance domestic and international concerns in order to achieve peace and development. He is the author ofStates and Markets: Comparing Japan and Russia, co-author ofAmerican Foreign Policy and U.S.-China Relations, and co-editor ofNew Directions in Chinese Politics for the New Millennium. He has recently editedChinese Foreign Policy in Transition (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, forthcoming). The author would like to express his appreciation to William Dorrill, He Li, Lucian W. Pye, Wei Tang, Zhiqun Zhu, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association in August 2003.