猪细小病毒VP2蛋白主要抗原表位区的原核表达及检测PPV抗体的间接ELISA的建立

利用大肠杆菌表达51ku的猪细小病毒(PPV)VP2蛋白主要抗原表位区,通过Western-blot检测,表达蛋白具有良好的反应原性。利用此表达蛋白建立了检测PPV抗体的间接ELISA。通过检测32份阴性血清最终确定本ELISA的判定标准为:血清抗体效价0.18,判为PPV血清抗体阳性;血清抗体效价≤0.18,判为血清抗体阴性。此ELISA的批内重复性试验的变异系数小于5%,批间重复性试验的变异系数小于10%。用此ELISA与商品化PPV IgG检测试剂盒做符合性比较试验;结果,感染猪血清抗体检测符合率为100%,免疫猪血清抗体检测符合率为82%,非免疫健康猪血清抗体检测符合率为78%,样本总体检测符合率为80%。用建立的ELISA检测田间猪血清的PPV抗体,阳性率介于28.8%~37.5%之间,提示上述地区可能存在不同程度的PPV感染情况。本研究为PPV免疫或感染状况的检测提供了一种有用的定性诊断方法。     

猪源伪狂犬病病毒gB蛋白抗体阻断ELISA的建立与应用

利用伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)ZJ01毒株重组gB蛋白及其对应的HRP标记的单克隆抗体,旨在建立一种检测伪狂犬病病毒gB抗体的阻断ELISA。对ELISA反应条件进行了优化,具体为:包被抗原的质量浓度为0.5 g/mL;待检血清的稀释比例为1∶1,孵育条件是37℃作用1 h;酶标单抗的稀释度为1∶15 000,作用时间为37℃0.5 h。ELISA结果的判定标准为:血清样品阻断率PI≥28.67%时判为阳性;PI≤18.27%时判为阴性;18.27%PI28.67%时判为可疑。该ELISA能特异性地识别PRV阳性血清,而与PRRSV、PCV2、CSFV和FMDV阳性血清无交叉反应性。ELISA的重复性试验表明,批间和批内的变异系数均小于10%。比较试验结果表明,该ELISA的相对敏感性和特异性分别为80.9%和96.4%,与IDEXX PRV gB ELISA试剂盒的符合率为85.1%。用建立的此ELISA对田间采集的535份猪临床血清样品进行了检测,结果显示,PRV抗体阳性率达61.87%。综上所述,本试验建立的猪源伪狂犬病病毒gB蛋白抗体阻断ELISA具有特异、简单、快速的优点,为建立标准化的检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

PRRSV-IPMA抗体检测试剂盒的研制及其应用

建立了一种检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)血清抗体的免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验法(IPMA),并组装成PRRSV-IPMA抗体检测试剂盒。对该试剂盒的敏感性、特异性、重复性及保存期等进行了试验,并与国外IDEXX ELISA试剂盒进行了比较。结果显示,用该试剂盒检测PRRSV人工接种猪血清样品,第1周抗体阳性检出率为50%,从第2周起抗体阳性检出率均为100%,而对照组猪血清抗体检测均为阴性。该试剂盒重复性好,-20℃保存18个月稳定,与其他病毒参考血清无交叉反应,与国外IDEXX ELISA试剂盒的符合率为83.3%。用该试剂盒对采自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、上海等地13个猪场的520份正常猪血清样品进行了抗体检测,结果,4个猪场阳性率高达90%以上,仅有2个猪场为阴性,其余猪场阳性率为10%~57%。     

弓形虫重组MIC3蛋白间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为检测弓形虫特异性抗体,以纯化的重组MIC3蛋白作为包被抗原,用羊抗猪IgG-HRP作为酶标二抗,分别对抗原浓度、血清稀释度、酶标二抗稀释度以及作用时间等进行了优化,初步建立了检测弓形虫特异性抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果显示,该方法检测猪球虫、猪肺炎支原体、猪圆环病毒2型、副猪嗜血杆菌等阳性血清均为阴性,表明该方法具有良好的特异性。组内和组间重复性试验的变异系数均小于8%,表明该方法具有较好的重复性。应用所建立的ELISA方法和商品化试剂盒A(IHA)、B(ELISA)同时检测从南京某猪场采集的猪血清样品166份,符合率分别可达94.58%和95.78%。该方法为我国进行弓形虫病的诊断与流行病学调查提供了一种技术手段,并为试剂盒的研制与开发奠定了前期工作基础。     

猪血清中牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗体ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

为建立检测猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)抗体的ELISA方法,经ELISA反应条件优化、特异性试验、重复性试验及与中和法、IDEXX ELISA对比试验建立了特异性ELISA。用此方法对福州市周边20个猪场的222份猪血样进行了BVDV抗体检测。结果显示,本ELISA反应条件为:BVDV Oregon C24V与NADL株联合包被(质量浓度均为31.25μg/L,每孔加50μL)的条件为37℃1h加4℃8h,家兔抗猪瘟病毒(CSFV)超免疫血清(每孔血清效价可中和400RID CSFV)阻断时间为2.0h,封闭剂和血清稀释液中NaCl的浓度和Tween-20的体积分数分别为0.7mol/L和3.00mL/L,100mL/L马血清封闭剂、1∶50稀释的待检血清、0.625 mg/L HRP-家兔抗猪IgG酶标二抗(100μL/孔)及底物的反应时间分别为2.0、0.5、0.5h及15min;检测CSFV、伪犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒阳性血清均为阴性;4份血样进行5次板内、板间重复试验结果均一致;参照中和试验,本ELISA方法的符合率(97.9%)高于IDEXX BVDV ELISA抗体检测试剂盒(93.8%);福州市周边猪群BVDV抗体阳性率为34.7%,猪场阳性率为80.0%,其中母猪群阳性率(44.6%)高于商品猪群(26.4%)。结果表明,本ELISA方法特异性强、符合率高、重复性好,适合用于猪源BVDV的血清学监测。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎抗体的纳米胶体金斑点免疫渗滤法检测

将无血清细胞培养的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)抗原包被于硝酸纤维素膜,加入待检血清样品后,利用纳米胶体金标记的山羊抗牛IgG显色,建立了检测IBR抗体的纳米胶体金斑点免疫渗滤法检测试纸盒。整个试验过程仅需5min即可判断结果,与蓝舌病、牛赤羽病、牛地方流行性白血病、牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病、猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪细小病毒病的阳性血清不发生交叉反应。将该法与用于IBR抗体检测的ELISA方法同时对300份临床牛血清样品进行IBR抗体检测,结果二者的阳性符合率达94.4%。结果表明,该法具有特异、敏感、快速可靠、效果直观、结果容易判断的特点,非常适用于IBR的早期诊断和流行病学调查。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒M基因的截短表达及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的M蛋白进行截短原核表达并建立ELISA检测方法,设计引物扩增了含M基因抗原位点的基因片段,并构建了原核表达载体pET-32a-dM;将pET-32a-dM转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),获得了高效表达,表达产物大小为27ku。蛋白免疫印迹结果显示,该重组蛋白具有良好的抗原活性。以重组蛋白为抗原建立了间接ELISA检测方法,方阵滴定试验确定重组蛋白抗原的最佳包被质量浓度为13.07μg/mL,血清稀释度为1∶80,酶标抗体1∶4 000稀释。阳性判定标准确立为D450nm≥0.3,反之则判为阴性。建立的ELISA与猪乙型脑炎病毒、胃肠炎病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌的阳性血清均无交叉反应,说明它特异性好。批内与批间重复性试验的平均变异系数分别为3.53%及6.82%,说明重复性较好。用该方法检测52份血清,特异性为87.5%,敏感性为90.0%,与商品化ELISA试剂盒的符合率为88.5%。本研究结果表明,截短表达的M蛋白可以作为诊断抗原,建立的ELISA方法完善后可用于PRRSV抗体的检测。     

猪巨细胞病毒gB基因优势抗原表位区的原核表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

扩增了猪巨细胞病毒(PCMV)gB基因的优势抗原表位区,将构建成功的gB基因优势抗原表位区原核表达重组质粒(pET32a-gB)转化入表达菌Rosetta(DE3)中进行表达,以表达的重组蛋白作为包被抗原建立了一种检测PCMV抗体的间接ELISA方法,并对该间接ELISA检测方法进行了优化。结果显示,最佳抗原包被浓度为1.9μg/mL,最佳血清稀释度为1∶160,二抗最佳稀释度为1∶10 000;当样品D450nm≥0.26时判为阳性,当样品D450nm<0.215时判为阴性,介于两者之间时判为可疑。用该间接ELISA方法对138份PCMV阴性血清与240份PCMV阳性血清进行检测的结果显示,它的特异性为97.83%,敏感性为97.9%,变异系数均小于10%。用该ELISA方法和Western-blot对184份临床样品进行检测,结果二者的符合率为92.4%。结果表明,该间接ELISA方法简便快捷,具有良好的特异性、敏感性及重复性,适用于对PCMV抗体的大规模检测。     

牛地方流行性白血病液相蛋白芯片检测方法的建立

应用xMAP液相芯片技术原理,以原核表达的重组牛白血病病毒gp51蛋白为抗原,建立了检测牛白血病病毒抗体的LiquiChip液相蛋白芯片检测方法,并进行了特异性、敏感性、重复性与稳定性试验。结果表明,该方法对牛白血病病毒阳性血清检测阳性,对其他常见牛病毒阳性血清检测阴性,表明特异性好;液相蛋白芯片方法对牛白血病病毒抗体的检测敏感性可达119.7ng/μL,对多份牛白血病病毒阳性血清的检测结果显示该方法的检测敏感性与商品化ELISA试剂盒无显著差异;对3份牛白血病病毒阳性血清进行4次重复检测,批内、批间的变异系数均低于10%。所制备的偶联微球芯片保存3个月,其检测结果无显著差异。采用该方法对169份临床牛血清样品进行检测,检出阳性率达57.4%,该检测结果与瑞典进口ELISA试剂盒检测结果的符合率为94.67%。本方法为牛地方流行性白血病的进出境检疫、疫病监测和流行学调查研究提供了一种特异、敏感的新型快速检测技术。     

H1与H3亚型猪流感病毒IgG抗体双重荧光微球免疫学检测方法的建立

有效防治猪流感需要借助于准确而快速的检测方法,为了建立一种高效、快速的多重检测方法,本研究应用H1和H3亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)的血凝素(HA)蛋白抗原偶联不同编码的荧光微球,应用间接法检测模式,建立了H1、H3亚型猪流感病毒IgG抗体荧光微球免疫学检测方法,并将该方法与血凝抑制试验(HI)、病毒中和试验(VN)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行比较分析。结果表明,该方法的抗体检测灵敏度比ELISA方法高100～1 000倍;与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病病毒及日本乙型脑炎病毒的阳性血清均无交叉反应,且两种亚型血清之间也不存在交叉反应。重复性试验表明,批内和批间精密度测试结果分别为10.2%和12.8%。与HI、VN和ELISA方法比较,总符合率分别为97.82%、98.27%和97.83%。综上,本研究建立的检测方法具有双重检测特性,特异性好、灵敏性高、重复性强,可用于H1、H3亚型SIV的鉴别诊断。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

中国需要构建怎样的周边(英文)

正The new central leadership has highlighted the strategic importance of better relations with neighboring countries and the construction of a solid foundation for China’s neighborhood strategy so as to create favorable conditions for Chinese development.1China is strengthening top-level strategy in foreign relations,focusing on global-level relations and staying committed to relations     

中巴关系的发展及其认识误区（英文）

China and Brazil established a strategic partnership in 1993. The bilateral ties have seen rapid development in almost all areas. However, there are eight myths surrounding the China-Brazil relations. These myths are the result of a lack of mutual understanding as well as the misconceptions result misconceptions of the western observers and media. These misunderstandings have of have jeopardized images of the China-Brazil relations and also hindered further development of their bilateral relationship.