Traveling There and Back Again: A Fingernail's Tale

This study focuses on the examination of stable isotope biomarkers in human fingernails of travelers who ventured away from Salt Lake City, UT and subsequently returned. Here, we describe three case studies examining: individual travelers (n = 4), paired travelers (n = 2), and a traveler (n = 1) who repeatedly left and returned. Our case studies examined the influences of dietary and drinking water inputs on fingernail stable isotope profiles for reconstructing travel histories. Stable isotope data were compared with theoretical and predictive models that laid the groundwork for anthropological and forensic geospatial reconstruction of travel histories. Drinking water inputs strongly influenced stable isotope profiles and the patterns observed were consistent with reported travel histories. Finally, observed fingernail stable isotope ratio data were consistent with modeled rates of stable isotope turnover and transition to expected values for the new environment. The results of our study further support the use of fingernail tissues for travel history reconstruction.     

Bosman—There and Back Again: The Legitimacy of Playing Quotas under European Union Sports Policy

The 1995 ruling of the European Court of Justice in Bosman was a pivotal point in the relationship between the European Union and sport. It has had an immense impact upon professional team sports, most notably football, in terms of liberalising the transfer system and abolishing player quotas. This paper will chart the development of a European sports law policy generally and will specifically discuss two current proposals concerning the reintroduction of playing quotas in football. We will examine the legality of these proposals with reference to Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and will evaluate the political context within which these proposals have been promulgated. It will be suggested that a possible solution, which should end legal uncertainty, could be the adoption of a collective agreement or directive based on the methodology of reflexive labour law.     

又来了

近一两年,知识产权在我国得到了前所未有的关注.除了国家级的知识产权战略,各地也在纷纷制定省、市、县、区等不同规格的"小号"战略.知识产权法学随之日益风光,先是在大学教育中的地位步步高升,居然要变成与法学平等的"二级学科".据说知识产权法还要变成大学"通识课",今后除了<大学语文>、<大学英语>,或许很快就要有<大学知识产权>了.不仅如此,知识产权法还有可能成为中小学基础教育的内容,按照某些地方知识产权战略的规划,要在中小学生中"展开知识产权教育新高潮".这一切,让人想起京剧<锁麟囊>中薛湘灵在赵守贞面前的座次变化,用丫环碧玉的话说,"一点一点地往上升啊".又想起鲁迅的一篇题为<"来了">的文章,大意是:任何主义来到中国,都不要怕,无论什么主义都扰乱不了中国,也就是"来了"而已.1何以如此?因为中国人对待新主义、新制度往往并不当真,"只要有新鲜的名目,便取来玩一通,不久连这名目也糟蹋了,便放开,另外又取一个."2目睹中国知识产权之"热现状",不由得暗自心惊:来了,又来了!这回玩的是知识产权.     

再论商人

商人是伴随我国社会主义市场经济的发展逐步发展并壮大的群体.本文通过对农村承包经营户、农业合作社、个体工商户或个人独资企业、合伙企业、公司现存状况的分析,指出我国商人存在的实然和分类;进而认为,商人具有独立存在的价值,但不应当被泛化为商主体.     

东君又来,田园将芜,人也挥手从兹去

<正>二十四年前在大学读书时,曾因春天的到来而对身边的读书场景别有感触,填了一首虞美人"年华贵妃"的词,曰:"东君何故这般美?惹得人心醉。我欲无情更多情,一朝都与这年华贵妃。落花流水恨多少?争叫人心碎。我将不负好时光,去与她恩爱缠绵百岁。"那时在大学,心思全在读书,特别是想将耽误的时光夺回来,好像天下的事只有读书,所以很自然地要以身相许。和现在的大学生比,那时学生们的心地单纯极了,除了男女生间明传暗递,引而     

再论诉讼担当——以担当人和被担当人在实体法和程序法上的关系为视角

对诉讼担当概念的理解不一致造成了我国学者对诉讼担当范围和类型的分歧。对诉讼担当的学理分类分歧主要存在于任意诉讼担当之中,因而建议采＂与实体权一起进行诉讼追行委托的诉讼担当＂与＂仅仅就诉讼追行进行委托的诉讼担当＂的分类,以达到诉讼担当内涵与外延的一致。从法定担当和任意担当的角度探索诉讼担当的具体形态,分析诉讼担当人与被担当人实体法和程序法上的关系,只要符合诉讼担当的概念、制度的设置目的并具有诉讼担当的功能都应当属于诉讼担当。     

无因管理的重新解读——法目的论解释和论证的尝试

无因管理是一种合法的事实行为,直接形成一种法定债权债务关系。无因管理必须要有严格的定义和范围,其重要构成要素之一是符合本人意思,但本人意思违反社会公共利益或公序良俗的除外。不符合本人意思的不适法无因管理不是无因管理。无因管理的立法目的很大程度上在于社会公共利益和公序良俗的考量,这种考量为了弥补当事人意思自治的缺陷和不足,最终充分尊重并保护当事人的意思自治。     

犯罪单位立功新论

单位立功必须具备两个基本条件,一是以单位的名义,二是体现单位的意志。单位立功是适用刑法人人平等原则、罪责刑相适应原则的具体表现,是司法实践的需要,且符合宽严相济的刑事政策。单位能成立刑罚执行阶段的立功。适用于自然人立功的情形,同样适用于单位。     

行政契约特征再认识

行政契约的行政性指行政主体、行政优益权等权力因素,而契约性因受行政性影响,仅指合意,不包含平等、自由内涵。这种理解必然导致行政契约立法中偏重行政主体利益的保护,而使相对方处于不利地位。从保护相对人权益角度出发,结合域外经验与本土现实考量,我国行政契约行政性应指行政法律关系与行政目的,而契约性与私法契约有极大相似之处。     

股权变动模式的再梳理

2005年修订的《公司法》未对股权变动模式给以全面、系统的规定。除无记名股权与上市公司股权,《公司法》对其它类型股权变动模式并无明文规定,需要解释。《物权法》不但未对此加以明确,反而冲突迭生,有必要进行再梳理。《物权法》对股权质押采登记要件主义存在缺陷,《公司法》对有限公司股权变动采登记对抗主义也有错误。应对股权变动进行类型化的规定,对有限公司股权变动采交付主义,对非上市股份公司的非公开发行股权变动采背书主义,对非上市股份公司的公开发行股权变动采附条件的背书主义。     

消费者概念的法律再界定

消费者概念可重新界定为:购买、使用商品或接受服务用于生活消费而非用于经营性行为的单位与个人。消费者的主体要件包括单位与个人,消费者的行为目的要件是通过购买、使用商品或者接受服务的客观行为表现出来的。     

再论无权处分——以处分行为与物权行为的价值冲突为突破口

通过对无权处分行为制度进行历史考察、价值分析及其与相关制度的衔接问题的分析,得出以下结论:无权处分行为的性质应当界定为债权行为,它的效力应当不受处分人的“处分权”的影响,它已从传统的效力待定的法律行为类型中逃离,而成为有效的法律行为。至于无权处分中的物权变动效力,在有效的债权行为的基础上,结合债权形式主义的物权变动模式和善意取得制度,这个问题便迎刃而解。无权处分人有无处分权以及原权利人是否追认只是债的履行问题,这样就避开了适用处分行为(物权行为)这个矛盾而又费解的规则。这样的立法不仅简洁实用,而且还能够使无权处分制度很好地与其他制度协调起来。     

There are nothing but hard cases

Conclusion I have tried to suggest that two types of hard cases can be distinguished: real hard cases which appear when the game of justice is played and a situation appears which the play does not recognize, and false hard cases which are a part of an argument for a certain paradigm (often in key-concept reasoning). To recognize the latter kind of hard cases, one has to know the rules for the paradigm in which such hard cases function as examples.The solution of real hard cases can only be found through a study of how the game of justice is played. And to do this, it is also necessary to recognize the false problems which are caused by mixing in arguments from other language games. The investigation of hard cases must concentrate on what is most familiar to the players and try to separate the grammar of the game of justice from the experience that one can get from playing the game itself.     

生命权价值的再探讨

生命权价值具有优先性与不可评估性等基本特征。生命权的优先性主要体现为生命权是不可克减的权利、主体享有生命防卫权、以生命权为客体的受害人同意无效等方面,但是生命权并非绝对优先的权利。生命权的不可评估性意味着侵害生命权只能进行不完全赔偿。