德国刑事协商制度研究

德国是职权主义诉讼代表性国家,其刑事诉讼向来以追求实质真实为主要目标。但是由于多种因素的综合作用,以实质真实为目标的传统刑事诉讼正在逐渐被司法实务部门所"发明"的刑事协商所取代。为了拯救传统刑事诉讼的核心价值,同时为非正式协商正名,德国立法机关在2009年通过了《刑事程序中的协商规定》,德国式"辩诉交易"正式成为德国法典的一部分。德国刑事协商的发展历程及其立法规范,对我国刑事诉讼制度的改革具有一定的启发意义。     

Who Wins in Settlement Negotiations?

When lawsuits are resolved out of court, what determines thesettlement price? This article uses a laboratory simulationand path analysis to estimate the relative importance of measurablevariables in determining who wins the battle for the cooperativesurplus. In the simulated negotiation conditions, seven variablesexplained more than half of the variation in settlement outcomesachieved by participants, with negotiators’ predictionsof their opponent's reservation prices the most important, followedby negotiator gender and amount of first offer. Although thespecific context of this article is settlement, the insightsgenerated are applicable to any two-party, distributive negotiation.     

国际知识产权贸易谈判的新方略

世界贸易组织成立后,发达国家并未满足于<与贸易有关的知识产权协定>所确立的知识产权保护标准,而是迅速形成了新的谈判方略,即把谈判重心由阻力较大的世界贸易组织转移至更易达成协定的区域场合,通过缔结分散的区域贸易协定竞争性地提高知识产权保护标准.此种谈判方略的推进使得发展中国家日益丧失根据具体国情制定和实施适当知识产权政策的自主空间.有鉴于此,包括中国在内的发展中国家应通过建立知识产权发展同盟、发展产业磋商与咨询体系、参与国际组织和智库活动、制定内部谈判指南等途径,改进谈判策略、强化谈判力量、提高谈判技术,引导形成更加民主和平衡的知识产权国际保护机制.     

Effects of Individual Characteristics on Plea Negotiations Under Sentencing Guidelines

ABSTRACT

Research conducted on the decision points between arrest and sentencing is scarce. There is a need for research to examine processing decisions. This research attempts to fill in the gap of knowledge about case processing decisions by focusing on plea negotiations; specifically, the examination of the effect of individual characteristics on the prosecutor's plea bargaining decisions in a sentencing guideline state by using two dependent variables (negotiated plea vs. a non-negotiated plea and a three category dependent variable simultaneously analyzing negotiated pleas, non-negotiated pleas, and bench or jury trials). The results indicate that race/ethnicity, sex, and age of the offender did not predict the likelihood of receiving a negotiated guilty plea. Using multinomial logistic regression, it was discovered that demographic characteristics were predictors of the decision to negotiate a guilty plea compared to the bench/jury trial conviction. Black offenders were more likely than white offenders to have their case go to trial rather than straight pleading or negotiating a guilty plea.     

WTO新的多边贸易谈判的矛盾及前景

在经济全球化及多边贸易体系的推动下，全球贸易自由化趋势不断加强，WTO新的多边贸易谈判已经启动，但是谈判面临许多难题，各方在许多议题上还存在较大的分歧，这些分歧反映了经济全球化与各国国家主权及民族利益的冲突以及由此导致的各种矛盾，展望谈判前景，虽然会有许多曲折和困难，但其意义是十分深远的，我国作为WTO的正式成员，将积极参与和推动新的多边贸易谈判，努力维护我国和整个发展中国家的利益。     

‘US, China and the Economics of Climate Negotiations’

Despite the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, the US decision not to comply with its Kyoto commitments seems to drastically undermine the effectiveness of the Protocol in controlling GHG emissions. Therefore, it is important to explore whether there are economic incentives that might help the US to modify its current decision and move to a more environmentally effective climate policy. For example, can an increased participation of developing countries induce the US to effectively participate in the effort to reduce GHG emissions? Is a single emission trading market the appropriate policy framework to increase the signatories of the Kyoto Protocol? This paper addresses the above questions by analysing whether the participation of China in the cooperative effort to control GHG emissions can provide adequate incentives for the US to re-join the Kyoto process and eventually ratify the Kyoto Protocol. This paper analyses three different climate regimes in which China could be involved and assesses the economic incentives for the major world countries and regions to participate in these three regimes. The main conclusion is that the participation of the US in a climate regime is not likely, at least in the short run. The US is more likely to adopt unilateral policies than to join the present Kyoto coalition (even when it includes China). However, a two bloc regime would become the most preferred option if both China and the US, for some political or environmental reasons, decide to cooperate on GHG emission control. If the US decides to cooperate, the climate regime that provides the highest economic incentives to the cooperating countries is the one in which China and the US cooperate bilaterally, with the Annex B_?US countries remaining within the Kyoto framework.     

Great Expectations: Understanding Bali and the Climate Change Negotiations Process

This article reviews the December 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali. It considers expectations for the meeting and whether the event delivered on these expectations. It also evaluates the long-term context of the meeting and examines the discussions in Bali on the post-2012 period (when the Kyoto Protocol's first 'commitment period' expires). The article finds that the Bali meeting did not necessarily meet public expectations or respond directly to the latest scientific assessments calling for urgent action. However, the article also finds that Bali was successful in the context of the prevailing political and diplomatic realities and the immense complexity of the climate change challenge – a problem that does not lend itself to a 'quick fix' solution. The article concludes that Bali produced a solid outcome that gives direction to future talks and sets a clear deadline for their completion. Finally, it argues that, contrary to some experts' opinion, the lack of detail in the Bali outcome may prove to be a strength rather than a weakness, since it provides flexibility to negotiators as they try to craft a consensus by the end of 2009.     

Budgetary Negotiations: How the Chilean Congress Overcomes its Constitutional Limitations

Recent research suggests that the Chilean Congress is marginalised in the policymaking process, especially when setting the budget. This paper argues that previous studies have overlooked the fact that the legislature uses two amendment tools – specifications and marginal notes – to increase the national budget and reallocate resources within ministries. This behaviour contradicts the constitution, which only allows Congress to reduce the executive's budget bill. To test this empirically, a pooled two-stage time-series cross-sectional analysis is conducted on ministries for the years 1991–2010. The findings clarify how the legislature surpasses its constitutional limits and demonstrate that specifications are useful to predict when Congress increases or decreases a ministry's budget.     

多哈回合农业谈判未决议题及前景展望

农业谈判是多哈回合谈判最为关键的议题之一,各成员方分歧较大,谈判过程异常艰难。2008年12月第4版农业谈判模式修正草案体现的十项未决议题至今仍无实质性进展。WTO第9次部长级会议将于2013年年底召开。目前,仅就关税配额管理、粮食安全议题纳入磋商。多哈回合谈判中利益集团的利益博弈决定了谈判的长期性,农业在成员国的重要地位决定了谈判的复杂性,贸易自由化的世界大势决定了谈判的可期性。     

The Devilish Details: Key Legal Issues in the 2015 Climate Negotiations

The ongoing UN negotiations for a 2015 climate agreement have yet to resolve two fundamental legal issues on which its effectiveness will hinge. The first is the precise legal form this agreement will take. Parties had agreed to work towards a ‘protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties’. This leaves scope for a range of possible legal forms, only some of which are legally binding. Second, they have yet to determine the legal nature of the ‘nationally determined contributions’ submitted by Parties. This article addresses these two critical issues: on ‘legal form’, it identifies the instruments that could form part of the Paris package, focussing on their legal status, significance and influence; and on the ‘legal nature’ of nationally determined contributions, it considers their nature and scope, the range of options for ‘housing’ these contributions as well as their relationship to the core 2015 agreement.     

Four Lessons for Developing Countries from the Trade Negotiations Over Access to Medicines

After the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) came into operation in 1995 developing countries have found themselves in a process of continual negotiation over intellectual property rights and access to medicines. These negotiations have taken place in the World Trade Organization and in the context of free trade agreements. The paper suggests that the only real win for developing countries has been the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001. What have been the lessons for developing countries in a decade of negotiations over access to medicines? Drawing on themes of rule complexity and regulatory ritualism the paper discusses four key lessons for developing countries. It concludes by arguing that developing countries will do better if they adopt a networked governance approach to negotiation rather than continuing to rely on traditional coalition formation.     

从国际气候谈判看中国低碳经济转型

自2003年英国率先提出＂低碳经济＂之后,低碳经济很快风靡全球。不论是发达国家还是发展中国家,都纷纷提出要发展低碳经济。但是低碳经济究竟是何物？如何对其界定,本身就是一个急需解决的问题。作为最大的发展中国家,中国越来越成为国际气候谈判的风口浪尖。发展低碳经济既是中国应对气候变化,履行国际承诺的必然选择;又是调整经济结构,建设新型工业国家的重要战略契机。     

人质危机谈判功能与实现路经

危机谈判，作为处理危机事件的有效手段，在世界各国，特别是欧美发达国家，已经得到广泛认同与有效应用。据国外有关研究显示，以专业化谈判团队的形式处理人质危机，安全、和平处理率高达93％，而没有专业化谈判团队的介入，被迫采取武力解决的，伤亡率高达78％。在我国，危机谈判机制建设刚刚起步，危机谈判的功能还没有广泛认同，对如何实现谈判功能也处于探索阶段。结合谈判工作实践和培训的谈判专业人员的反馈经验来分析危机谈判的功能及其实现的条件，应该对于危机谈判专业发展有所启示。     

The Long Way to the Copenhagen Accord: Climate Change Negotiations in 2009

The Copenhagen Summit did not conclude the 2 years negotiation process initiated in Bali in 2007. Ten official meetings among parties were not sufficient to reach a conclusion on the future of the international climate change regime after 2012. This paper summarizes the main issues addressed by the parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol tracks in the course of 2009, the longest year ever for climate change negotiations, and tries to explain the reasons behind the Summit's failures. Furthermore, an overview of the main points of the Copenhagen Accord is provided together with its implications and relation with the UNFCCC process.     

What is ethically appropriate in Negotiations: An empirical examination of bargaining tactics

Negotiation is an interesting context in which to study ethical judgment. Effective negotiators cannot be completely candid about their preferences, yet some honesty is required for parties to effectively agree. Is there general agreement among negotiators as to which tactics are ethically appropriate and inappropriate? This paper reports analyses of the ratings of 18 marginally ethical tactics by a sample of 320 respondents. Tactic ratings suggest generally strong consensus on those tactics that are appropriate and inappropriate; factor analyses of these ratings suggest tactic groupings that offer partial support for earlier conceptual models. A research agenda is also proposed.