国际刑事司法协助与引渡问题探析

刑事司法协助是国家关系的重要内容,是一国司法权的有效域外延伸,具有重要的外交价值和司法价值。开展刑事司法协助问题的研究,特别是建立我国现代引渡制度,对于打击跨国犯罪、引渡跨国犯罪、追究逃窜到国外罪犯的刑事责任、监控追缴赃款赃物等方面具有重要意义。目前,在我国现存的各种法律规范以及与外国签订的司法协助协定之中,缺乏切实可行的措施。为此,制定切实可行的引渡制度仍是任重而道远的法制任务。     

论刑法学方法对刑事立法与司法的意义

在刑事法治系统中,立法与司法是两个非常重要的子系统。研究刑法学方法,①对于这两个子系统的良性运转,进而促进刑事法治系统的良性运转,具有重要意义。一立法完善,对于中国刑事法治而言,是一项重要的制度建设工作。二十世纪八十年代以来的刑事立法,始终贯穿着这一主题。(一)立法完善的含义与意义完善之意,指(使之)完备美好。②立法完善,即通过立法程序使法律、法规进一步完备的过程与结果。刑法的立法完善亦然。废除、修改非正当、不合理的规定,增补与社会现实相适应的内容,是刑法立法完善工作的基本方式。制定立法解释,是刑法立法完善工作…     

Criminal Justice in a Democracy: Towards a Relational Conception of Criminal Law and Punishment

This article starts from the observation that in classical Athens the discovery of democracy as a normative model of politics has been from the beginning not only a political and a legal but at the same time a philosophical enterprise. Reflections on the concept of criminal law and on the meaning of punishment can greatly benefit from reflections on Athenian democracy as a germ for our contemporary debate on criminal justice in a democracy. Three main characteristics of the Athenian model will be analysed: the self-instituting capacity of a democracy based on participatory and reflective citizenship, political power as the capacity of citizens for co-operating and co-acting with others, and the crime of hubris as one of the key issues in Athenian criminal law. These analyses will lead to the conclusion that one of the key issues of a democratic legal order lies in its capacity of recognizing the fragility of the human condition and of developing workable and effective standards of justice in that context. A relational conception of criminal law and punishment, based on proportionality, reflexivity, mutual respect and responsibility fits best with a democracy under the rule of law.

The Politics of Racial Disparity Reform: Racial Inequality and Criminal Justice Policymaking in the States

Racial inequalities in criminal justice are pressing problems for policymakers. Prior literature suggests elected officials promulgate punitive, racially disparate criminal justice policies due to partisanship and racial fears, but scholarship has yet to explain how and why elected officials address racial problems in criminal processing. This article introduces the framework of racial disparity reform policymaking. A racial disparity reform is a policy that seeks to reduce distinctions in criminal justice institutions’ treatment of racial groups. Elected officials pursue these policies due to ideological beliefs in civil rights ideals and political interests in appearing to solve social problems. Using an original database of policy enactments, this article first presents the distribution and types of reform measures adopted by elected officials in all 50 states between 1998 and 2011. It then examines social and political explanations for when state legislatures and executives adopt racial disparity reforms. Policy enactment is predicted by worsening problems of racial disproportion in criminal processing, Democratic control of elected branches, and the absence of judicial efforts to improve racial fairness within a state’s criminal justice system. Similar dynamics encourage the development of different measures types within policies. Such ideological and problem-solving explanations for racial disparity reform show a potential for elected officials to forge more racially just criminal justice practices.     

Corrective Justice as A Principle of Criminal Law: A Prolegomenon

This article argues that corrective justice is an adequate principle of criminalization. On my interpretation, corrective justice holds that, in order for an action to count as a crime, there needs to be a plausible normative story about an offender having violated the interests of a victim in a way that disturbs their relationship as equal persons and a subsequent story about responding to crime in a way that corrects this disturbance. More specifically, I claim that corrective justice is concerned with the protection of interests that persons have in owning private goods throughout standard interactions with other persons. The argument proceeds in three steps. First, I specify the subject-matter that principles of criminal law need to ground and provide an outline of the idea of corrective justice. Second, I show that corrective justice can account for the main cases of crime and the salient modes of criminal responsibility. I also argue that corrective justice can make sense of two prima facie recalcitrant types of cases (rape and inchoate offenses). Third, and finally, I address two objections to my corrective justice theory of criminal law. The first concerns the implications corrective justice has for locating criminal law along the private/public law divide. The second objection raises the putatively problematic consequences corrective justice has for understanding the separation between criminal and civil law.     

包容性刑事法治国之构建与提倡——刑事法治国基本模式之冲突与出路

刑事法治国包含形式的刑事法治国与实质的刑事法治国。两者的冲突体现为刑法规范的可预测性或安定性与刑法规范的妥当性之间的对立,并在中国的刑事立法与司法两方面展开,成为法治国建构中的最大难题。对于形式的与实质的刑事法治国的取舍问题,不可过于置重其一,而应采取以形式法治国为主、实质法治国为辅的两者兼并吸收的包容性刑事法治国模式。在坚持形式正义优先和形式合理性的前提下,以实质正义为价值基础对刑法规范进行合目的性的实质解释,以此为基点,在中国的刑事立法与司法层面展开刑事法治国的建构。     

Terrorism as a Catalyst for the Emergence, Harmonization and Reform of Criminal Law

Since incidents of terrorism have escalated around the world,the international community has become increasingly focusedon ensuring that national criminal justice systems are well-equippedto deal with the issues raised. Despite the great willingnessand growing consensus among states to reform and further developthe legal strategies of their respective criminal justice systems,this process has confronted many challenges. The author examinesinternational and regional efforts to harmonize rules addressingterrorism at international, regional and national levels.     

从《所有人的正义》看英国的刑事司法改革

本文详尽介绍了英国刑事司法改革的背景、宗旨、目标、步骤和具体内容;在此基础上,总结出英国刑事司法改革的五大趋势,并阐述了英国司法改革对我国司法改革的几点启示.     

刑事诉讼制度改革中的“底限正义”——对中国刑事诉讼制度改革理路的质评

我国刑事诉讼法修改在即,但是关于刑事诉讼制度改革我们始终缺乏一种方法论上的指引。“底限正义”理论是一种指导刑事诉讼制度改革的有效方法和策略,它一方面认可人类社会存在着最低限度的正义要求,从而为以法律移植为主要内容的我国刑事诉讼制度改革提供了理论依据;另一方面又承认正义的相对性和多元性,承认法律制度移植的可选择性,从而为我国当前刑事诉讼制度改革提供了微观操作步骤。同时,“底限正义”理论对我国刑事诉讼法学研究的深入拓展也有着重要的借鉴意义。     

刑法中义务冲突的解决

解决义务冲突应先将刑法中的义务与刑法中的利益严格区别开来,义务冲突绝不等同于利益冲突,因此不能以衡量利益大小的利益基准来衡量义务等级的高低.在刑法规范层面,应当基于义务基准来衡量义务和解决义务冲突,而这有赖于在刑法价值维度对秩序价值优先的坚持.     

再看意大利的刑事司法改革

一、曲折的刑事司法改革路径意大利是西方文明的一个重要发祥地,是罗马法的故乡。在相当长的一个历史时期里,它的法学思想、法学观念引领着世界法学的发展方向。但是,伴随着席卷欧洲大陆的法国大革命的到来,这种领先地位逐步被具有更加新鲜理念的法国所取代,从而由领导者地位转而成为了一位追随者。意大利的刑事诉讼法律与其他部门法学相比,出现得相对较晚。据记载,统一的意大利刑事诉讼法始于19世纪末。第一部正式、统一的意大利刑事诉讼法典诞生于1865年。由于受法国大革命的影响,这部法典明显地效仿了拿破仑法典,表现出典型的纠问式风格…     

量刑公正与刑法目的解释

立基于量刑公正的考量,疑难案件中定罪与量刑之间有失比例的矛盾无可避免。定罪与量刑不仅是以刑事责任为中介的因果历程,而且是以刑法解释为调适的有效对接,同时也是以刑罚目的为依循的一体运作。在立法既定的情况下,刑法目的解释能够合理化解定罪与量刑之间的矛盾,满足实现量刑公正的需要。刑法目的解释应该以刑罚目的为基准逻辑展开,并且充当法源的刑法目的解释应当被禁止,而指导法官量刑的刑法目的解释应当被守护。     

Law and the Image of a Nation: Religious Conflict and Religious Freedom in a Brazilian Criminal Case

This article examines a criminal trial in Brazil that touched on the imagined role of religion in public life. The case involved a Protestant minister accused of religious discrimination and of vilipending an image of Nossa Senhora Aparecida, the patron saint of Brazil. The prosecution argued and the court concurred that the minister's iconoclastic verbal and physical gestures endangered the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom. Yet the defense claimed that his actions, stemming from his religious convictions, expressed this same principle of freedom. Different visions of religious free-dom are at stake in the case as well as how such freedom relates to the rights and private lives of citizens. Placed in the history of church-state relations in Brazil, the case raises the problem of interpreting concepts of religious pluralism, religious freedom, and freedom of expression in Brazilian law.     

犯罪学与刑事法制改革:以英国为例

过去30年英国的犯罪学发展具有两个明显特征:一个是犯罪学在多个维度的膨胀;另一个是犯罪学自治性的增强。犯罪学在向自治学科转变的过程中既具有许多有益的方面,也存在诸多风险。它可能会丧失与其他学科之间的联系,也越来越容易受到外部环境的影响与制约,因而有必要对其存在的问题及其潜在的后果保持警觉。犯罪学知识的用途,在于为决策的制定提供科学依据。对犯罪学进行准确定位有两个核心要求:一是要承诺把犯罪学变成一个内涵广阔的学术概念,即将犯罪学的多元主义看作一个优势;二是要让犯罪学研究与实践保持长久的、基本的联系,将犯罪学知识渗入公众关注的犯罪和法制事件中,对制度性环境作出一个比现在更令人信服的解释。     

European Criminal Law: Administrative and Criminal Sanctions as Means of Enforcing Community Law

Professor Lahti concludes his article by pointing to the limits andweaknesses of a European criminal policy, especially measured by the criteriaof coherence and rationality. European criminal policy is incoherent, indeed,as it is not based on a sound concept of criminal law, but is rather the resultof an ad hoc evolution guided by the strive for effectiveness of Communitylaw.     

我国刑事司法中法律评价与道德评价的冲突论

本文从刑事法律与道德的一般关系出发,阐述了刑事司法中法律评价与道德评价的关系,认为道德评价对司法人员的法律评价存在着一定的影响;文章分析了刑事司法中的法律评价与道德评价冲突的原因和方式,认为刑事法律评价与道德评价的冲突实质上是法律文化与道德文化的冲突,这种冲突在我国司法实践中有三种不同的表现方式;文章同时分析了司法实践中对于刑事法律评价与道德评价冲突的二种不同的协调方式及其利弊。     

智利刑事司法体制改革的最新发展

智利刑事司法体制自上世纪80年代进行改革——由纠问式体制改为控辩制。本文对其改革过程、内容进行了简要介绍,以期对目前拉丁美洲有关国家的司法体制的变革有所了解并予以借鉴。