欧盟刑事司法合作领域相互承认制度研究

为了突破传统刑事司法合作的局限性,欧盟以各成员国之间的相互信任为基础,将相互承认原则确立为刑事司法合作的基石。相互承认可以适用于刑事诉讼各个阶段做出的司法裁定,其合作范围大大超过传统司法合作范围。相互承认制度下的司法合作在司法机关之间直接开展,极大简化了合作程序,加快了合作速度,并在一定范围内取消了双重犯罪原则和特定性原则,不适用本国国民不移交原则。相互承认司法裁定制度促进了欧盟各国的法律趋同,同时在法律有差异的情况下,通过规定拒绝承认或执行的理由来缩小合作义务的范围。     

论大湾区企业刑事合规的司法控制

在最高人民法院大力倡导司法保护民营企业司法保护民营企业家的背景下,我们可以判断在较长时间内民营企业亟需防控刑事法律风险,由此也可以看到刑事合规的实践不足与理论缺憾.在国家战略的背景下,粤港澳大湾区企业具有先行先试等诸多政策优势.因此,在粤港澳大湾区建设的契机之下,关注企业刑事合规这一新领域,通过司法控制与保障的...     

刑事司法职权的合理配置

在我国,刑事司法职权的合理配置涉及对公检法三机关及其司法机构内部关系的调整,这种调整是司法体制改革的重要组成部分。从世界范围看,各国社会经济条件的差异,导致司法体制改革总体方向的不同;而司法体制背后的基本理念,则左右着司法改革的具体内容。处于社会转型期的中国,应当将构建中立、独立的法院作为司法体制改革的主要目标。在刑事诉讼中,公、检、法关系的重塑,关键在于建立以司法裁判为中心的刑事诉讼构造;在司法机构的内部关系上,应当处理好司法机构的整体独立与司法人员的个人独立之间的关系,彰显刑事司法功能的特质,实现司法的本我定位。     

澳大利亚新南威尔士刑事司法政策应用与思考

澳大利亚新南威尔士州的刑事政策根据控制和预防社会犯罪的需要不断改革调整。公众对犯罪问题非常关注，对政府用于法律和秩序的开支比较敏感。公众舆论、新闻媒体上的辨论对刑事司法政策具有重要影响。     

论刑事司法规律

规律是支配事物发展过程的自然的、固定的因素.司法是人类社会以法律手段解决社会矛盾的活动.司法规律是司法制度产生和发展的规律,它表明人类司法制度发展需要经历从无到有,从野蛮到文明,从专制到法治的发展过程.刑事司法规律是司法规律在刑事诉讼中的体现,法治社会的刑事司法应当实现公正审判和采用正当程序原则,司法公正是刑事司法的价值,正当程序的一系列原则是司法公正的保障.     

刑事司法资源配置的经济学分析

现实中不存在刑事司法资源配置的帕累托最优,只能寻找较优的刑事司法资源配置目标;在刑事司法资源的边界上存在着有效率的刑事司法活动,也就是刑事司法资源功能的最大化和理想状态;在刑事诉讼中,各方总要考虑和比较获取刑事司法资源所花费的对价中包括的各种机会成本,这表明刑事司法资源配置中也存在着替代效应。刑事司法资源配置经济学分析的目的,是提高刑事司法效率和减少刑事司法成本,可以从节约刑事司法成本、简化刑事司法程序、建立刑事诉讼成本分担制度、减少国家成本支出入手。     

社区司法与刑事司法的双系耦合

社区司法作为社区主导下的新型司法范式,因为其融法律与道德、实体与程序、惩罚与矫正、恢复与救助、协商与调解等复合功能,在完善基层民主治理方式和凝结社区核心价值方面具有独特的优势。由于社区司法与国家刑事司法在处理犯罪问题上具有不同的操作向度,彼此间互有分工又互有联系,因此构成双系耦合。作为调处社会矛盾的自治型司法机制,中国社区司法的模式和运行系统亟待适应当地文化进行创新和发展。社区司法中社区在司法活动中应处于基础性地位,且主导基于社区的各种司法形式的运作。     

透析中美刑事司法合作中的理念差异背景

本文首先指出中美刑事司法合作是中美双边关系的一个重要方面。在世界经济一体化和国际社会共同打击犯罪的大背景下,中美两国也日益增强在刑事司法领域的合作。进而从社会秩序本位与个人权利本位、实体公正与程序公正、具体正义与形式正义、客观真实与法律真实、顾及民意与严守法意等五个方面,阐释了中美两国在刑事司法理念与实践上的差异,论述了产生这些差异的社会环境、法治背景、以及司法体制等诸多方面的原因,探讨了中美各自不同的司法理念与实践的优点与缺欠。继而指明双方相互影响,不断融合的大趋势,并就消除差异,推动中美刑事司法合作的对策进行探讨。     

刑事司法人文精神导论

刑事司法权是具有双刃性的国家权力,倡导刑事司法的人文精神是要在实现刑事司法正面功能的同时尽可能避免其负态能效。现行刑事司法的一个误区是对国家和社会本位思想的过度强化所导致的个人权剩的遮盖,另一个误区是单一地依赖严格执法来完成其目标任务而人文关注不够。在社会转型期,刑事司法活动处在众多矛盾和冲突的聚集地．如何在众多的价值观念中作出合理取舍？如何在自由与秩序、个人与社会的矛盾张力中取得平衡？这需要有以人为本的思维高度,从而使刑事司法在方法上作出理智选择。在结果上得到检校。鉴于司法实践中人文精神的缺失带有普遍性,制约着刑事司法跟上法制现代化的步伐,有必要对实践中模糊的人文观念予以澄清和对现代人文理念予以阐明。     

刑事司法中民意的渗透与司法应对

当下,由一系列的案件可以看出,民意对司法尤其是刑事司法的影响越来越不可忽视。那么何为民意?本文从民意的含义出发,引出民意这一概念的本质特征。刑事司法中的民意又与广义上的民意有不同之处,主要在于其刑事法律上的影响性,在影响日渐增强的今天,刑事司法应积极应对,而不应将合理的民意弃之不理。     

Reflections on International Criminal Justice

Judge Cassese presents arguments in favour of the use of international courts in order to punish war crimes. He argues that the application of justice through a court is better in certain circumstances than amnesties. He examines the merits of international courts rather than national courts, but acknowledges that at present there are several major stumbling blocks to an effective international criminal justice system.     

联合国刑事司法准则与我国刑事法律改革若干问题

1998年10月5日,我国签署了《公民权利和政治权利公约》。该公约最为明确、集中、具体地规定了联合国刑班司法准则．我们有必要将我国的刑事立法与联合国刑事司法准则相对照．寻找差距．并提出改革、完善的具体措施。从而推动我国刑事法律向前发展。试就涉及刑法、刑事诉讼法方面的问题作了一些探讨。     

Technology and Criminal Justice

The extent and use of technology in the British criminal justice system is uneven. Two areas are examined; first where technology is used in prisons or by the police, and secondly when it is used to develop new sanctions, as with electronic monitoring, or as attachments to existing sanctions such as drug testing. Technology in prisons is mainly in the form of perimeter security, and in the police through CCTV cameras or databases. In the second the emphasis is on tracker systems which gives the supervisor greater control. Technological development in criminal justice is not without its critics. Some regard existing technological developments with suspicion, seeing them as a means of enhancing control, or as an attack on traditional liberal values, or more importantly as an extension of a form of behaviourism which is concerned only with the observable act. Others note the expensive failures of technology where systems fail to work or are delivered late. It is suggested a Government study is required to examine existing technologies and its likely future impact whether on the criminal justice system generally or on those working within it or as inmates.     

全球化和刑事司法

刑事司法的全球化正在逐步成为现实。而且全球化的进程旨在在世界范围内采取联合行动预防和惩治某些特定的犯罪。然而,刑事司法全球化的构建需要建立在统一的刑事司法文化基础上,与修正的报应模式和法律与秩序模式不同的是,刑事司法全球化必须有整合一致的人权文化。提高个体、政治、社会和经济人权的整体文化,是保障建立刑事司法全球化的最佳途径,它服务于国际公共价值和秩序,同时还致力于社会公正,确保相关人员,特别是被害人和被告人的权利保障。     

Assessing Criminal Justice Practice Using Social Justice Theory

In this article, I introduce two of the leading theories of social justice put forth by John Rawls and David Miller. Then, I assess criminal justice practice, from law-making to corrections, in terms of ways in which it is consistent and inconsistent with these theories of social justice. Throughout the article, I also identify ways in which criminal justice practice is inconsistent with social justice. Finally, I make recommendations for reforming criminal justice to make it more consistent with social justice.     

美国少年司法严罚刑事政策的形成、实践与未来

建立独立的少年司法制度，在保护主义的理念下处理少年犯罪，曾经是美国的骄傲，也是其他国家效仿的范本。但自20世纪70年代后期开始，严罚刑事政策开始逐步占据美国少年司法刑事政策的主流，呈现出逐步背弃福利型少年司法传统的趋势。这种转变是在少年犯罪恶化与古典犯罪学派复兴的社会背景与理论背景下发生的，也是对少年司法理念的歪曲。少年司法严罚刑事政策的推行激化了少年法院存废的争论，也遭到了激烈的批评和日益深入的反思。     

Criminal Justice in Soviet Russia

Compared to American criminal justice, the fabric of Russia's system is a tightly woven structure operating under centralized co-ordination. During recent history, the goals of Russia's criminal justice system have shifted from repression by terrorism to crime prevention through education and an emphasis on individual duty in peace-keeping matters.

The militia (police), created in 1917, has been mandated to prevent crime through intelligence activities, direct intervention, and citizen education. In 1966, it was given the responsibility for the supervision of offenders newly released from correctional institutions. Peoples Volunteer Brigades and the DRUZHINNIKS aid the militia in crime prevention.

The courts also make use of non-professionals in the persons of lay assessors to insure that the accused is judged by his “peers.” The court system itself is inquisitorial in nature as opposed to the American accusational model. As the accused person moves through pre-trial and trial procedures, one can see how his “rights” may be legally abridged at every step.

Russian courts have a variety of sentences from which to choose, ranging in harshness from public censure to death by shooting. Deprivation of liberty may be applied by degree from “education” to compulsory labor to strict incarceration. The Soviets are attempting an organized plan of diversionary sentencing, in order to reduce prison populations to all but the most dangerous offenders.

Correctional facilities depend on inmate commissions to keep order and motivate good behavior through group influence and peer pressure. Inmates as well as civilians have “a national duty to mind other people's business.”

In the United States, justice is fragmented into a variety of jurisdictions: municipal, county, state, and federal, each with its own law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional agencies. Further, there is only limited coordination among the various segments of the system. There is little argument to the proposition that the American “system” of criminal justice is inefficient.

Unlike America's disjointed system, the Russian Criminal justice system is unified; militia (police), procurators (prosecutors), courts, and correctional facilities operate under a centralized coordinating body. This body is characterized by a unity of purpose and a high degree of systemic integration (Juviler, 1979, p. 1).