从多层次到多支柱:养老保障体系改革再思考

在对多层次养老保险体系反思的基础上,从多支柱理论和我国现实国情出发,构建了以多支柱为核心特征的养老保障体系。零支柱:以低收入者和农民为对象的普惠制国民养老金,旨在防止老年贫困。第一支柱:以正式就业者为对象,由基本养老保险社会统筹部分改造而来的基本养老金,目标在于保障就业者退休后的基本生活,突出社会再分配。第二支柱:以正式就业者为对象,由基本养老保险个人账户部分和企业年金计划合并而来的职业年金计划,使退休职工生活水平比单一的第一支柱有所改善,同时有助于应对老龄化危机。第三支柱:自愿性的个人养老储蓄计划,为有较高需求的高收入者提供的更高层次的保护。     

欧盟社会保障的改革趋势

人口老龄化在欧洲已经成为现实。随着时间推移，该问题将日益严重。中国已经进入了老龄化社会的门槛，也要面对老龄化社会的各种保障压力。欧洲从19世纪末始建立老年保障制度。尽管在欧盟25个成员国中老年保障的具体模式和运转机制各不相同，但均建立了面向劳动者和所有国民的养老保障体系，并且成为社会福利制度甚至福利国家的重要支住。随着时间发展，     

撒切尔政府养老金改革及其对中国的启示

撒切尔政府养老金改革是英国历史上影响深远的养老金制度性调整。20世纪80年代,撒切尔政府通过国家养老金参数调整、引进个人养老金计划和扩大缴费确定性职业养老金计划等制度创新,实现养老金责任重心从国家转移到个人的转移。撒切尔政府利用了英国既有政治、经济体制的特点甚至是弱点,通过巧妙的策略,实现了英国养老金制度重塑。改革解决了养老金中长期支付危机,刺激了英国经济复苏;同时也带来社会分化,覆盖率下降和私有养老金监管不力等问题。撒切尔政府养老金制度重塑的经验和教训说明:养老金制度有很强的路径依赖,必须立足长远,抓住"战略机遇期"做好制度构建;必须统筹经济和社会,政府与市场的关系;养老金体制没有唯一模式。     

国外养老金投资管理研究综述

养老金对养老保险制度顺利运行的重要性毋庸置疑。对国外已有的养老金投资管理文献按照投资体制改革、渠道、风险规避、社会效益和分析框架五部分进行梳理,以期理清养老金投资管理研究中的重要争论、分析框架和启示,并指出在制度设计时既要遵循交叉学科的一般规律又要充分考虑具体国情。     

养老金：机关事业单位一起改

财新记者：这一次的改革方案主要解决什么问题？ 郑秉文（中国社科院世界社保研究中心主任）：上世纪90年代以来,事业单位养老金制度已经经历了两轮改革,一次是1994年,一次是2008年,但都没到位,第二轮甚至一点实质性进展都没有。这一轮改革要把第一轮改革遗留下来的“尾巴”解决掉,同时避免第二轮改革时出现的社会恐慌。     

21世纪前十年秦观研究综述

21世纪前十年,秦观其人其作也成为关注的热点,研究成果颇丰.以文学解释学的立场和视角审视,秦观研究者开始调整并扩大自己研究的范围,不仅关注词作,也开始关注诗作和散文;受"前理解"影响,秦观研究既呈现出多元化态势,也出现了更为全面的系统研究稀少,秦观词内部的词谱、词韵、音律研究缺乏.要推进秦观研究,还需要研究者更多的文学理论储备和更多的音韵知识积累.     

20世纪末21世纪初德国高等教育扩张述评

从区域、性别、留学生的角度,阐述20世纪末21世纪初德国高等教育扩张的特点:东德的高等教育扩张比西德快;参与高等教育的女性增长率从1980年开始一直是正增长,在1990年到1995年是剧烈增长,至2002年增长率超过男性;德国学生数量的增长是由于留学生数量的增长。     

从西欧社会党的社保改革看福利国家的发展趋势

20世纪末,西欧社会党在改革福利国家的问题上设计出了"积极福利"的理想模式,以此为原则和方向展开的社会保障制度改革取得了一些成绩,但总体上没有实现质的突破.在21世纪以来的深化改革阶段,西欧各国的社保改革遇到强大的阻力,使得福利国家改革限入了困境.从西欧社会党的社保改革思路及其效果上看,传统福利国家存在的基础还难以撼动,实现积极福利的理想仍面临重重阻力.     

21世纪关于科学与宗教关系的研究综述

当今时代,科学的快速发展为人们创造出丰富的物质财富的同时,也引发一些道德危机。不少人认为宗教可以化解科学的道德危机。近些年来,科学宗教的关系,再次引起学者们的关注。学界对宗教与科学的主要关注点为:二者的功能互补关系、科学的道德危机是否需要宗教、二者如何发展三方面的问题。     

行政区划改革研究综述

行政区划作为国家结构体系,其设置满足了一定的政治、经济的要求,并将随着国民经济的发展而有一个动态的变化过程,从而继续很好的履行其职能。学术界关于行政区划改革的一争议及系列研究由来已久。本文对2005年以来学者们的观点进行了简略综述,以便对这一领域的研究有一定的启示。     

The European lavender vote: Sexuality,ideology and vote choice in Western Europe

In many European democracies, political punditry has highlighted the attempts of political parties on the left to court the ‘lavender vote’ of lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals. This article examines the presence of a gay vote in Western Europe with a focus on assessing the role of sexuality in shaping individuals’ political preferences and voting behaviour. Empirically, the effect of sexuality on both ideological identification as well as party vote choice is analysed. Using a cumulative dataset of eight rounds of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2017, this article demonstrates that partnered lesbians and gay men are more likely than comparable heterosexuals to identify with the left, support leftist policy objectives and vote for left-of-centre political parties. The analysis represents the first empirical cross-national European study of the voting behaviour of homosexual individuals and sheds new light on the importance of sexuality as a predictor of political ideology and voting behaviour within the Western European context.     

关于21世纪警察素质构架的研究

21世纪警察素质是知识、能力和敬业三个层次的综合体.其中知识是警察素质的基础,能力是表现形式,而敬业精神在知识向能力转化的过程中和能力在实际工作的运用中起主导作用.因此在提高警察素质的过程中,既要重视知识的积累,更要重视知识向能力的转化,不能把知识的掌握作为提高素质的唯一途径.     

财政支出比较视角下公务员退休金制度设计

公务员退休金和企业职工养老保险金的待遇差是社会热点问题,并波及事业单位养老金制度改革,助长了提前退休浪潮。机关公务员与企业人员退休后收入的待遇差来自人员身份和计算方法的制度隔墙,本文审视了针对公务员养老金的政府责任和财政负担,探讨了中国公务员退休金制度的新路径,即三元组合的公务员养老金制度。养老金制度目标有两个,一是通过国民基础养老金避免老年贫困;二是通过职业养老金个人账户实现老年体面生活。公务员作为公民应享有国民基础养老金,作为政府雇员应享有职业养老金并附之以廉政奖励养老金,政府应当分别承担相应责任。通过模型计算和实际数据模拟计算表明,新制度初期财政支出超过原有制度,但若干年后低于原有制度,本文提出的模型和政策建议具有不降低公务员养老金待遇的同时减轻未来政府财政负担的效应。     

The Impact of the Fiscal Crisis on Public Administration Reforms: Comparison of 14 European Countries

Abstract

This study aims to empirically test a widespread assumption that fiscal crises instigate administrative reforms. The empirical analysis relies upon an international comparative study of the responses of 14 European governments to the fiscal crisis of 2008–2013. It is found that fiscal crisis and public administration reforms are not necessarily closely connected. In the majority of cases, the fiscal crisis did not have an instant effect of triggering structural public administration reforms or substantial shifts in existing reform trajectories. The crisis intensified the pressure to reform public administration to some extent, but the European governments’ responses predominantly followed a combination of straightforward cutbacks and incremental change. More substantial reforms were carried out in countries most severely hit by the crisis and/or where administrative reforms were conditioned by international financial assistance.     

Climate Change and Marx in the 21st Century,Part I

This paper comes in two parts. Part I begins with an examination of the relationship between Marx’s characterization of the centrality of commodity production to capitalism as a system, its destructive results on Nature, and the global scale of the climate crisis confronting the 21st century. It then moves on to critically examine three models of political economy (Hayekism, Keynesianism and State Socialism). Part II takes the argument forward by critically examining a fourth model, Green Keynesianism, currently being manufactured in response to the crisis of climate change, in order to show the inability of all four models to resolve the existential threat posed to humanity in the 21st century and beyond. We then proceed to posit, as a thought experiment, a fifth model of political economy, Green Socialism, as something now needed in the 21st century and discuss the important building blocks of the future evolution of a coherent system. The paper concludes with a brief mention of both the ends and means that need deliberation if Green Socialism is to be realized.     

Conducting Research on Counties in the 21st Century: A New Agenda and Database Considerations

Given local, regional, national, and global events of the last few years and the ever-increasing service roles and expectations of county governments, American counties warrant greater scholarly attention. To guide researchers, the research agenda published in this journal 15 years ago has been refined and expanded. This 11-point agenda includes fiscal capacity and responsibility; the role of structure, politics, and political participation; intergovernmental relations and networking; professionalism; service delivery; environmental issues; population changes; managing conflict and promoting integration; terrorism and security; information technology; and economic development. In addition, five database concerns and needs that pose significant challenges to researchers are identified and presented for consideration.     

社会保障体系的巨灾风险补偿功能分析——美国9．11五周年的启示

五年前,在9.11恐怖袭击事件中,美国社会保障制度在巨灾补偿中发挥了一定的作用.其中有很多经验,例如,国家对巨灾损失的补偿是通过国家计划、保险公司和慈善事业这个"三条腿机制"发挥作用的,并通过立法建立了一个临时机构:"9.11遇难者补偿基金",令其根据普通法的原则,赋予全权,统一运作全国的补偿工作;也有一些教训,例如,社会安全号信息管理不善和被盗用,从而酿成飞机劫持者拥有合法的手续等.我国要建立起社保制度突发事件巨灾风险补偿的"三条腿机制"还有很长的路要走,例如,基本社保制度的工伤保险中存在着诸多问题,保险业还需进一步改革完善,慈善事业的机制缺位等;对尽快建立一个混合型的"国家巨灾补偿机制"提出了一些不成熟的改革思路和采取公共委托与购买的方式进行损失补偿的设想.     

建立面向21世纪的具有区域特色的现代首都金融业

在进入２１世纪之际,构建适应首都经济需要的现代金融业,将是首都金融业所面临的一项重要任务,根据国际金融业的发展趋势,现代金融业主要现代中央银行体系、现代金融市场银行业、现代证券业、保险业、信托业以及现代金融法律体系和现代金融风险防范体系等。在继续深化首都金融体制改革的基础上,充分发挥首都金融业的优势与潜力,逐步完善首都金融业的宏调控控功能和金融功能。建立金融体系,是首都经济在２１世纪发展的需要,也     

The Politics of Science and Sustainable Development: Marcuse's New Science in the 21st Century

ABSTRACT

In recent years, debates around development have seen the growing prominence of post-developmentalist proposals, which are driving the anti-capitalist discourse and at the same time serving as a springboard for non-capitalist development proposals. However, the search for an alternative approach to development can disrupt the construction of viable action strategies and dilute important elements of the contributions advanced by the heterodox tradition, mainly Marxist. The aim of this paper is to systematize the limitations of post-developmentalism and articulate a heterodox paradigm that can be measured in tandem with conventional and hegemonic approaches in development studies, such as approaches stressing human development.