在“欧洲”与“民族”之间经营——面对《基本法》与《里斯本条约》的德国新执政联盟

“欧洲”因《整合责任法》而被列入了德国联邦议院的辩论议程。《里斯本条约》对自下而上、有限支持和适度原则进行了具体化，“民族”通过由成员国议员作为代表而全面介入欧盟事务之中。德国新执政联盟在其《联合执政协议》中确定，“欧洲”成为新联邦政府的政治方向，而“民族”是政府政策的目标。在这种情况下，新联邦政府就成了“欧洲”与“民族”的经营者。新联邦政府在欧盟事务上的行动能力取决于其与联邦议院之间的沟通。而新联邦政府的欧洲政策施政空间——联邦政府在欧盟事务上可能的立法权限一则受政策取向影响，即联邦政府与州政府的政策取向是趋同，还是相悖。这又取决于联邦的执政党或执政联盟与州的执政党或执政联盟有一致还是相悖的政策偏好。     

欧洲太空安全政策:观念、行动与障碍

欧洲太空安全政策及其实施,与欧洲共同安全与防务政策紧密相连。鉴于欧洲太空研究和运用的现实,欧洲担心太空安全问题。为此,欧洲各界提出了诸多应对方案,如制定太空交通规则、发展太空集体安全、建立欧洲太空威慑能力、拟定欧洲太空战略等。作为回应,欧盟及有关成员国为此进行了不懈努力。欧洲标志性太空项目如伽利略计划和全球环境与安全监测系统,以及英国、法国、德国、意大利发展各自的军事卫星,在某种程度上就是在致力于建立欧洲的集体太空安全和太空威慑能力。同时,欧洲也通过太空项目的合作,力求建立太空多极化,抵制美国的太空霸权。     

欧盟文化政策与文化治理

欧洲文化政策有两个层面:一是民族国家的文化政策,二是泛欧洲的文化政策。在欧洲层面,主导文化政策的政治实体主要是欧洲联盟和欧洲理事会。联合国教科文组织和世界贸易组织作为国际机构也对欧洲文化政策发挥着重要影响。本文的研究对象是欧盟文化政策,着重考察欧盟作为欧洲范围的行动者,如何通过其显形和隐形的文化政策,塑造新的文化治理体系、推进欧洲公民社会各种力量的新型合作关系。     

德国统一后的对欧政策评析

德国是欧盟的创始成员国,也是欧洲一体化不断扩大和深化的轴心.德国的欧洲政策直接反映了德国政府对欧洲事务的战略与态度,也体现着德国的根本国家利益,成为德国对外政策的基本支柱.德国统一后,由于国际背景和国内环境的变化,德国政府的欧洲政策在保持基本稳定的基础上,对欧洲一体化支持的内在动因、具体目标和实际政策都进行了相应调整.     

东亚与欧洲参与全球治理比较研究浅析

经济全球化并不意味着世界已经形成统一的全球治理理念和政策,东亚与欧洲参与全球治理的路径就有很大差异。基于不同的历史经验、政治传统、社会模式和世界地位,欧洲形成了以人权为基础的"全球宪政主义"的全球治理观,而东亚地区则更加注重在全球治理进程中发挥主权国家的作用,力争改革现有全球治理体系,建设一个"平等"和"民主"的全球治理制度。随着东亚经济力量在全球经济版图中的地位上升,这一地区的全球治理意见对全球治理格局的影响越来越大。     

欧盟气候新政及其对欧洲一体化的推动

在应对气候变化挑战方面,欧盟的政策进程一直领先世界。欧盟也是全球气候政策的动议者和领导者。欧盟最新的气候政策不仅出于解决经济增长、就业及能源供应等社会经济问题的需要,而且旨在建构"欧洲认同",推动欧洲一体化深入发展,提高欧盟的国际竞争力和国际政治影响力。本文具体阐述和分析了欧盟气候新政措施的特点,提出欧盟气候新政将有助于推动欧洲一体化的发展,最后指出了欧盟气候政策在实践中存在的不确定因素和问题。     

变与不变:美国对欧政策的历史考察

由于历史和现实的原因,对欧政策长期占据美国对外政策的中心位置。随着国际体系的演变及美国实力与国际地位的变化,美国的对欧政策经历了一个渐进的、不断突破传统的变化过程。相应地,美国对欧洲事务介入的程度越来越深、范围越来越广、方式和手段越来越多样化。虽然美国的对欧政策经历了不断的调整,但是其两个核心成分和目标却得以延续和保留:即防止欧洲出现挑战美国利益的霸权,以及将欧洲纳入美国主导的全球秩序。当前美国的对欧政策仍在调整,对欧盟既合作借重又制约防范将是主要趋向。     

试论外国院外集团活动及其对美国对外政策的影响

美国作为全球唯一的超级大国 ,其对外政策关系到世界各国和国外利益集团的切身利益。各种代表国家和集团利益的外国院外集团为维护各自国家、民族和集团的利益 ,通过委托美国游说公司和具有特殊背景的人作为代理 ,在美国设立官方、民间机构 ,争取美国内具有共同利益的特殊集团的支持等方式进行院外活动 ,影响美国对外政策。因此 ,外国院外集团成为影响美国对外政策的重要因素 ,对美国对外政策的调整变化起着至关重要的作用     

世界历史中的欧亚空间——源起、建构与衰朽

空间是记录历史的重要工具,任何重要政治行为体的权力与影响力变迁,最终都会在空间的维度上反映出来。因此,从空间的维度出发开展区域宏观议题研究,可以为研究者提供一个新颖、有效的分析视角。作为全球最重要的区域空间之一,欧亚空间从诞生伊始就与俄罗斯紧紧联系在了一起。作为俄罗斯权力的区域映射,欧亚空间塑造了俄罗斯,也被俄罗斯所塑造。地处大陆腹地的欧亚空间是全球所有地理空间中距离海洋贸易通道最远的地方,俄罗斯将自己的语言、文化与区域特点结合在一起,在内陆深处创造了大陆秩序的试验场。经过来自东方的蒙古帝国远征的洗礼,俄罗斯凭借来自欧洲的工业力量,逐步成长为欧洲边缘的重要帝国,在几百年的扩张过程中,将原本游离于世界历史之外的西伯利亚地区和高加索、中亚地区纳入了共同的区域空间中,从而构成了欧亚空间的核心版图。借助反法西斯战争的胜利,作为当时大陆秩序发展顶点的苏联模式获得了巨大的威望,使欧亚空间的非核心区域得到了前所未有的扩张。然而,在与海洋秩序的全面竞争中,其内在缺陷充分暴露,最终导致欧亚空间再次进入危机与重构的新阶段。欧亚空间的发展历史既反映了区域空间演变的一般规律,又在很多重要节点体现出明显的特殊性。欧亚空间的演变进程与中国的成长过程相互交织,对中俄两国的发展都产生了深远的影响。     

“开放式协调方法”和欧盟推进全球治理的方式:以援助政策为例

开放式协调方法是欧盟内部采用的一种"新治理模式",主要应用于社会政策等欧盟机构缺乏权能的政策领域,是欧盟在这些领域中加强成员国政策一致性的一种重要方法,其最基本的假设是:吸纳更多的行为主体进入政策制定过程,加强彼此之间的合作,为交流最佳政策实践降低交换成本,并经常性地、制度化地对政策的执行进行评估和监督。长此以往,各个成员国之间必将自然而然地出现一种实现最佳政策目标的方法,并进而导致各国在相关政策领域中的实践和程序的趋同。欧盟在规划全球治理时也倡导使用开放式协调方法,以实现劝说其他国家接受欧洲经验和欧洲发展模式的目的。但是,由于开放式协调方法的应用需要满足一些基本条件,它在全球治理中的应用并不总能带来欧盟希望的结果。     

欧洲2020战略:解读与启示

2008年世界金融危机之后,欧洲的社会经济发展进入一个困难期。如何化解负面影响和各类制约因素,增强综合经济实力、缓解社会矛盾和提升国际影响力,是欧洲需要应对的重要挑战。欧洲必须加快向智慧型增长、可持续增长和包容性增长等三大经济模式转型,以构建一个支撑未来十年欧洲健康有序发展的战略体系。本文从制定背景、基本框架、核心内容和经验借鉴等角度,系统解读欧洲2020战略,并简要归纳其对中国增长模式的启示。     

日本企业CSR的推进机制

企业虽以获取经济的最大利润为根本，但除此之外，企业作为社会的基本单位之一，还需为社会、环境等的可持续发展尽自己的一份责任和力量。日本企业的CSR活动虽晚于欧美主要发达国家，但近年来发展速度很快。日本企业通过确立CSR理念、建立相关规章制度以及具体推进措施等积累了诸多成功经验，值得学习与借鉴。     

Europa als besonderer Kommunikationsraum

This paper develops a sociological perspective on the process of social integration that has been initiated in the course of the evolution of European political institutions. This perspective wants to avoid the pitfalls of normative diagnoses (which complain about what is not there) as well as the pitfalls of national comparisons (which do not see more than national similarities and national differences). A more abstract notion of social integration is presented as providing an analytical framework for understanding and explaining the process of socially integrating a culturally heterogeneous Europe. The key concept is that of a transnational space of communication and its discursive closure (with recourse to Deutsch and Bourdieu). The central theoretical idea is to use communicative density as the criterion of the emergence of a communicative space in which two different types of experience make possible its discursive closure: the experience of being treated fairly by the others inhabiting this space (the cognitive capital of a community) and the construction of a common memory frame resulting from the confrontation of differing national (and subnational) memories in this space (the narrative capital of a community). Thus two mechanisms can be identified which explain discursive closure. This model leaves open whether this will happen, but it offers a strategy for identifying the extent and the causes of such processes without recourse to normatively motivated wishful thinking.     

An Historical and Political View of the Reserve and Guard Forces of the Baltic States at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century

Abstract

The changes that have occurred in Europe since the end of the Cold War might be the most significant since the middle of the medieval period. With Poland and other nations of Central Europe, including the three Baltic states, joining the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the political and cultural shape of Europe is rapidly changing. For the first time since the death of Charlemagne over 1,000 years ago, all of Central and Western Europe has a genuine chance of uniting. Even though this integrated Europe will be under the flag of the EU, the key that is making this possible is the military and economic power of the United States. The organization that brings the protective umbrella of the US is NATO. For nations to be taken seriously as members of NATO, they must have credible military forces. For all countries this includes the reserve and guard forces, but for small countries with conservative budgets the reserve and Home/National Guard become the most important forces. Since the Baltic states are three small countries building their militaries from zero since the end of the Cold War, the importance of the reserve and guard cannot be overemphasized. This article examines the reserve and Guard forces of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania from the end of the Cold War to the beginning of the twenty-first century.     

Taking the bus in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv

This article examines the role and effects of the state on the operation of social capital through a case study of Islamic holding companies in Turkey and their social networks within transnational space. In the last two decades, there has been a proliferation of Islamic enterprises, banks and holding companies which formed their own business organization in 1990. The capital outlay of these holding companies was created, without any legal basis, through mobilizing the savings of hundreds of thousands of pious small savers in Turkey and across Europe. While the state actors initially overlooked, at times encouraged, this mobilization of savings, the development of political Islam in the 1990s raised a concern that political Islam along with its economic base and power posed a significant threat to the secularist political regime. Consequently, the secularist state elites actively intervened in both domestic and transnational spheres to disrupt and undermine these networks which provided monetary inflows into these companies. The intervention and campaigns of the state in Turkey and Europe led to bankruptcy of several Islamic holding companies, exposed the mismanagement of fund by some companies and resulted in widespread distrust toward Islamic holding companies among small local and migrant investors.     

Nationalism, Civil Society, and the Prospects for Freedom in Eastern Europe

The events of 1989 in Eastern Europe represented an alliance between two dynamics: anti-Soviet and anti-communist. Once the "double rejective" task of the revolution was complete, these dynamics began to diverge as the space created for freedom filled with the competing demands of nationalism and civil society. Building freedom in Eastern Europe today is associated with overcoming the economic and social dislocation inherited from communism and developing the institutions and attitudes required for a civil society. But it is confronted above all by the attractions of a tribal nationalism which threaten the entire project of creating an open society.     

Imagining Europe: political identity and British television coverage of the European economy

The article considers European economic news coverage on British television and its relationship with the UK public's perceptions of and identity with Europe. Stress is placed on the symbolic content of news about Europe; stories about the economic entitlements offered to citizens within the European Union; and portrayal of material benefits or losses for Britain. The results suggest that coverage offers mixed signals about Europe. As yet, they offer an unlikely platform for the development in the United Kingdom of European solidarity or identity. The results are assessed in the light of the way journalists approach political issues. The implications for statistical modelling of the media's relationship with attitudes towards Europe are also considered.     

中东欧独联体政治经济转型20年: 约束条件与转型政策、策略选择

回顾中东欧独联体国家转型走过的道路,可以发现,转型的方式和路径受制于转型的约束条件.其中,政治转型与经济转型的相互制约关系尤为复杂.在复杂的约束条件下,转型的政策空间是受限的.转型目标、转型的策略选择与次序安排相互制约,共同规定了转型的基本方向和演进轨迹.     

Unthawed: post-Cold War economic ties between Kaliningrad and Europe

ABSTRACT

Kaliningrad’s post-Soviet economic interconnection with Europe is encountering obstacles due to specific Russian governmental idiosyncrasies as well as its particular regional challenges. In essence, the Kremlin’s direct control from afar and European misgivings have influenced the territory’s economic development in relation to Europe. The distance of the region from Russia, exclave status, large size for an exclave, and conflicted history subject the area to contradictory forces. On the one hand, it links Kaliningrad to Europe because of a shared history and geography. On the other, it promotes a sense of political instability and geographical isolation that discourages economic integration with Europe.     

Crisis or Zemblanity? Viewing the ‘Migration Crisis’ through a Greek Lens

This intervention traces how Europe is being (re-)produced through ‘crises’ on three scales. Firstly, at the level of national territory, looking at the crisis-ridden Greek state. Secondly, through everyday border practices on the island of Lesbos and, finally, in the Mediterranean that acts as Europe’s primary locus for its aggregate (and often experimental) bordering practices.