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1.
Jason R. Soble W. Alexander Alverson Jacob I. Phillips Edan A. Critchfield Chrystal Fullen Justin J. F. ORourke Johanna Messerly Jonathan M. Highsmith K. Chase Bailey Troy A. Webber Janice C. Marceaux 《Psychological injury and law》2020,13(1):44-56
Mirroring clinical guidelines, recent Performance Validity Test (PVT) research emphasizes using ≥ 2 criterion PVTs to optimally identify validity groups when validating/cross-validating PVTs; however, even with multiple measures, the effect of which specific PVTs are used as criterion measures remains incompletely explored. This study investigated the accuracy of varying two-PVT combinations for establishing validity status and how adding a third PVT or applying more liberal failure cut-scores affects overall false-positive (FP)/-negative (FN) rates. Clinically referred veterans (N = 114; 30% clinically identified as invalid) completing a six-PVT protocol as during their evaluation were included. Concordance rates were calculated across all possible two-and three-PVT combinations at conservative and liberal cutoffs. Two-PVT combinations classified 72–91% of valid (0–4% FPs) and 17–74% of invalid (0–40% FNs) cases, and three-PVT combinations classified 67–86% of valid (0–6% FPs) and 57–97% of invalid (0–24% FNs) at conservative cutoffs. Liberal cutoffs classified 53–86% of valid (0–15% FPs) and 39–82% of invalid (0–30% FNs) cases for two-PVT combinations and 46–75% of valid (3–27% FPs) and 60–97% of invalid (0–17% FNs) cases for three-PVT combinations. Irrespective of whether a two-or three-PVT combination or conservative/liberal cutoffs were used, many valid and invalid cases failed only one PVT (3–68%).Two-PVT combinations produced high FNs and were less accurate than three-PVTs for detecting invalid cases, though variable accuracy was found within both types of combinations based on the specific PVTs in the combination. Thus, both PVT quantity and quality are important for accurate validity classification in research studies to ensure reliability and replicability of findings. Applying more liberal cutoffs yielded increased sensitivity, but with generally higher FPs yielding problematic specificity, particularly for three-PVT combinations. 相似文献
2.
Gian M. Galeazzi Aleš Bučar-Ručman Laura DeFazio Anne Groenen 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2009,15(3):243-260
Previous research by the Modena Group on Stalking (MGS) regarding awareness and recognition of stalking by police officers
and general practitioners using case scenarios showed significant differences across three countries. It was also hypothesized
that victims used different pathways when seeking help. To explore the experience of requesting help by victims of stalking
in different European countries a detailed survey was completed by 391 victims of stalking in Belgium (n = 145), Italy (n = 126)
and Slovenia (n = 120). The research confirmed the significant intensity and duration of stalking and psychological distress
for victims. Victims used several pathways to survive stalking. Some victims reported that informal interventions they or
family/friends implemented were effective, but the majority had to have recourse to helping agencies. Significant differences
in help seeking behaviour were found between the three countries. In Belgium victims contacted the police, as well as other
helping agencies, more often and more precociously than in Italy and Slovenia. Restriction orders against the stalker were
considered the most effective intervention. Police were regarded as the least supportive agency, taking victims less seriously,
and not being particularly effective at stopping the stalkers. Police were ranked after family/friends, lawyers and colleagues,
with regards effectiveness, except in Belgium, where Police’s effectiveness was ranked second after lawyers. Stalking often
requires the mobilization of multiple helping agencies by victims and it is important that victims are aware of what help
is available to them and that agencies become more sensitive to their needs. 相似文献
3.
This study tested how graduate level psychology graduate students (n = 20) using the Adapted Violence Risk Appraisal Guide
(Adapted VRAG) would do relative to practicing psychologists/psychiatrists (n = 16) using clinical judgment when predicting
violence in 10 narratives from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment study (Monahan et al., The MacArthur violence risk assessment
study. . Retrieved 10 Oct 2005). Results indicated that the practicing psychologists/psychiatrists made significantly more correct predictions than the
master’s level students. The professional group demonstrated sensitivity levels of 77.7% and specificity of 96.3%. For the
use of the adapted VRAG method by the graduate student group, specificity levels were modest at 54.0%. Sensitivity levels,
however, were lower than earlier demonstrated levels at 58.0%. These findings are at variance with earlier reports comparing
clinical and actuarial methods. The results may reflect the short amount of time the master’s level students were trained
using the Adapted VRAG as well as the small number of participants in this study. Additional research comparing other professions
is recommended, as well as examining if experience in the forensics field would affect one’s ability to predict violence. 相似文献
4.
This study extends Eckhardt et al. (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66:259–269, 1998) research on cognitive correlates of anger arousal among intimate partner abusers (IPA; n = 130), distressed/nonviolent (DNV; n = 27), and satisfied/nonviolent men (SNV; n = 21) during a standardized anger induction task by examining variables thought to differentiate batterers. Variables pertinent
to the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (Psychological Bulletin, 116:476–497, 1994) typology—borderline and antisocial personality, psychopathy, general violence, and partner violence—were
correlated to articulated cognitive distortions. Since between group comparisons were not significant, articulated anger was
correlated with antisocial, borderline, and psychopathic features. Borderline personality features correlated positively with
articulations reflecting jealousy. Articulated themes were more consistently related to psychopathology than to violence,
suggesting that tailoring treatments to personality features of clients may prove fruitful. 相似文献
5.
Maria A. Pico-Alfonso Enrique Echeburúa Manuela Martinez 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(7):577-588
This study explores the personality disorder symptoms of women victims of intimate male partner violence (IPV), after controlling
for the contribution of experiences of childhood abuse. Victims of both physical and psychological violence (n = 73) or psychological violence alone (n = 53) were compared with non-abused control women (n = 52). Information about sociodemographic characteristics, childhood abuse, and personality characteristics (MCMI-II) was
obtained through face-to-face structured interviews. Women victims of IPV had higher scores than controls in schizoid, avoidant,
self-defeating personality scales, as well as in the three pathological personality scales (schizotypal, borderline and paranoid).
Both physical and psychological IPV were strongly associated with personality disorder symptomatology, regardless of the effects
of childhood abuse. These findings underscore the need to screen for personality disorder symptoms in women victims of IPV
when dealing with therapeutic interventions. 相似文献
6.
Kerrianne Watt Jonathan Shepherd Robert Newcombe 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(1):1-19
To assess the effectiveness of an alcohol brief intervention administered to violent offenders in a judicial (Magistrates’
court) setting, a randomised controlled trial was conducted. Participants (n = 269) were men aged 16–35 years, who resided within a 30-mile radius of Cardiff, UK, and who had been sentenced for a violent
offence committed whilst intoxicated with alcohol. Recruitment occurred on-site. Participants were randomly allocated to receive
an alcohol brief intervention (n = 135) or to a control group (n = 134). Objective measures comprised re-offending and injury rates. Self-reported outcome measures comprised Alcohol Use
Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); number of drinking days in the past 3 months; total weekly standard units of alcohol;
and stage of change with respect to alcohol consumption (as measured by the Readiness to Change Questionnaire). Participants
were followed up 3 months (n = 234; 87%) and 12 months (n = 202; 75.1%) after sentence. No significant between-group differences were observed in any of the alcohol measures or in
re-offending. Injury was significantly less likely in offenders who had received the intervention (27.4%) than those who had
not [39.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.23, −0.009]. At 3-month follow-up, significantly more participants in the intervention
group (31%; n = 37) than control group (16%; n = 18) demonstrated an increase in their readiness to change drinking behaviour (χ2 = 8.56; df = 2; P = 0.014), but this did not persist at 12-month follow-up.
相似文献
Kerrianne WattEmail: |
7.
The relationship between a history of physical or sexual abuse and current suicidal ideation was examined in the current study
based on data from the Washington state 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Out of the total sample of
4081, 1058 indicated they had experienced either physical or sexual abuse before the age of 18, 52 indicated they had experienced
physical abuse in the past 12 months, and 210 indicated they had been forced to have sex since the age of 18. Additionally,
106 indicated they had seriously considered committing suicide in the past year. After controlling for such factors as age,
gender, income, education, race, employment and marital status and the interactions between different abuse risk factors using
multivariate logistic regression, results showed that a history of childhood physical (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.364, 3.90) or sexual (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.58, 4.67) abuse and adult physical (OR = 27.30, 95% CI = 11.64, 64.01) or sexual (OR = 5.87, 95% CI = 3.24, 10.63) abuse all were related to current suicidal ideation. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
8.
John M. Violanti James E. Slaven Luenda E. Charles Cecil M. Burchfiel Michael E. Andrew Gregory G. Homish 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2011,36(4):344-356
Alcohol misuse is a significant problem in police work. This study describes alcohol use correlates and examines psychological
outcomes of stress associated with the use and level of alcohol by police officers. Measures: (1) AUDIT-Alcohol Use Disorders
Identification Test; (2) demographics; (3) Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; (4) Impact of Events Scale
(PTSD); and (5) life events scale. The mean AUDIT score was M = 5.64 (low risk <8). Male officers had significantly higher scores in overall AUDIT total, hazardous alcohol use domain,
and dependent symptoms domain (p = 0.004, 0.002, 0.031, respectively). Women officers in the hazardous drinking range on the AUDIT were significantly younger
than women officers in the lower AUDIT range (p = 0.050). Males in the hazardous drinking range had significantly higher external life event scores than females (p = 0.037), suggesting a need for increased attention to the spillover effect of police work. 相似文献
9.
Piotr Próchniak 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2009,24(2):104-107
The present study was aimed at identifying the personality factors of Polish Officers preparing for the peace mission in Kosovo
using Zuckerman`s Alternative Five Factor Model. The sample consisted of 86 policemen (Mage = 32.9 yr., SD = 4.5) and 58 low
risk workers (Mage = 29.4 yr., SD = 5.3). It was found that policemen scored significantly higher on Impulsive Sensation Seeking
in comparison to the control group. The policemen scores on other personality traits were more akin to those of the control
group. 相似文献
10.
11.
The current study connects survey data of inmates and correctional staff in the Dutch prison system in order to describe and
explain the impact of staff orientation and staff working conditions on perceived prison circumstances of inmates. Importation
and deprivation theory are combined to test an integrated model to explain perceived prison conditions. By surveying staff
(N = 1750) and inmates (N = 4673) independently within the same period of time and by afterwards pairing the results on the level of the housing unit (N = 173) using multilevel techniques, it is found that inmates′ perceptions
of the prison conditions vary considerably between housing units. It is also found that staff’s perceptions of prison conditions
show congruency with those of inmates. Another important finding is that in housing units where the orientation of staff towards
inmates is relatively supportive, inmates perceive their circumstances as more positive. Conclusions and directions for further
research are provided. 相似文献
12.
Automatic Encoding of Ambiguous Child Behavior in High and Low Risk for Child Physical Abuse Parents
Julie L. Crouch Joel S. Milner John J. Skowronski Magdalena M. Farc Lauren M. Irwin Angela Neese 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(1):73-80
Recent theory and research suggest that physically abusive parenting behavior might be understood as originating from: 1)
greater accessibility of hostile/negative schema, and/or 2) lower accessibility of benign/positive schema. This study examined
whether parents at high and low risk for child physical abuse (CPA) differed in the extent to which they spontaneously encoded
ambiguous caregiving contexts in negative versus positive terms. Twenty-five high and forty-one low risk for CPA parents were
asked to memorize a set of sentences that described ambiguous caregiving situations. After a brief delay, participants were
asked to recall the sentences. During recall, cues were given (e.g., negative and positive words) to facilitate recall. According
to the cued-recall paradigm, to the extent that recall was facilitated by negative/positive cues, it was inferred that negative/positive
meaning was activated when the ambiguous sentences were encoded. Although all parents tended to recall more information in
response to negative relative to positive cues, the influence of cue type on recall was greater for high CPA risk parents.
That is, high, compared to low, CPA risk parents obtained significantly higher recall difference scores (M = 4.6 versus M = 2.3); with higher recall difference scores indicating greater recall in response to negative relative to positive cues.
Present findings are consistent with the proposition that high and low CPA risk parents differ in how they spontaneously encode
information in ambiguous caregiving contexts. 相似文献
13.
The current study examined the criminal justice experiences of foster care youth living with relatives, foster families, and
living in congregate care; dependents receiving in-home care; and non-dependent youth. Specific attention was directed at
uncovering whether form of maltreatment, placement type, and/or placement instability were related to delinquency. A prospective
analysis of official record data followed children in Los Angeles County from the time of a first admission to the Department
of Children and Family Services (DCFS) to potential involvement in the criminal justice system (N = 1,235). The study also
utilized a matched control design in which DCFS cases were compared to non-dependent controls (N = 1,235). The most consistent
predictors of delinquency were placement instability and age at placement. Youth who were older at placement and youth with
at least one placement change were more likely to be arrested for violent and non-violent crimes as well as be charged by
the district attorney than younger youth with no placement changes. 相似文献
14.
15.
Elizabeth L. Jeglic Cynthia Calkins Mercado Jill S. Levenson 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(1):46-59
Little research has investigated the prevalence of mood disturbance among sex offenders despite the fact that psychological
distress may bear some relationship to community reintegration, and ultimately, recidivism. All offenders on New Jersey’s
sex offender Internet registry were mailed surveys about their experiences with, and perceptions of, notification and residence
restriction statutes, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). On average, respondents
(N = 104) reported mild to moderate levels of depressive symptoms (M
BDI = 17.1) and hopelessness (M
BHS = 6.9). Additionally, offenders who reported being negatively affected by residence restrictions and notification statutes
reported higher levels of both depression and hopelessness. Given evidence that sex offender specific legislation may de-stabilize
offenders, this research highlights the importance of managing affective states in this population. 相似文献
16.
This study examined self-reported early exposure to violence in the family of origin and positive attitudes towards marital
violence as risk factors in court-referred Chinese immigrant male batterers (N = 64) versus controls (N = 62). Early exposure to violence was positively correlated with marital violence, but it alone did not differentiate the
batterers from the controls, as both groups were widely exposed to it. While it was significantly correlated with marital
violence in the batterer group, it was significantly correlated with depression in the control group. Positive attitudes towards
marital violence were not only correlated with marital violence but also sufficient to differentiate the batterers from the
controls. It also partially mediated the effect of early exposure to violence on marital violence. These two risk factors
together accounted for 21.9% of the variance in marital violence over and above sociodemographic variables and marital dissatisfaction.
Research and treatment implications based on these findings were outlined.
相似文献
Xiaochun JinEmail: |
17.
Julie L. Crouch Christopher R. Shelton Joseph R. Bardeen Regina Hiraoka Joel S. Milner John J. Skowronski 《Journal of family violence》2012,27(2):97-103
The present study examined the extent to which attentional control mediates the relationship between adverse early life experiences
(e.g., harsh discipline, low perceived support) and child physical abuse (CPA) risk in adulthood. Participants included 138
general population parents (30.4% fathers and 69.6% mothers) who completed self-report measures of early life experiences,
attentional control, and CPA risk. Results revealed that attentional control partially mediated the association between adverse
early environment and CPA risk scores, Sobel test = 2.65, SE = 0.86, p = .007. More specifically, individuals exposed to adverse early environments (characterized by harsh discipline and/or low
perceived support) reported lower levels of attentional control, which in turn was associated with increased risk of hostile,
aggressive, and abusive parenting. 相似文献
18.
Although control has long been considered central to understanding intimate partner violence (IPV), there continues to be
a notable lack of validated scales measuring control (e.g., Strauchler et al. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6), 339–354, 2004). The purpose of this study was to develop and empirically validate a brief assessment tool, the Intimate Partner Violence Control Scale (IPVCS), designed to measure control in the context of IPV. Data from a sample of male undergraduate and graduate students
(n = 436) were used to examine the scale’s properties. After reviewing theoretical conceptualizations and measurement issues
of control, psychometric properties of the IPVCS and results of exploratory hypotheses tests are presented. The availability
of a brief and reliable measure of control offers a tool for professionals in the judicial system, for IPV victims’ advocates,
and for human services workers in practice settings to adequately assess for control and fills a gap in this area of research
and practice. 相似文献
19.
Mental health courts have recently emerged as one means to reduce the number of persons with mental illness in the criminal
justice system. Using a post-test only comparison group design, this study examined rearrest rates for 1 year post discharge
among three groups meeting admission criteria for a municipal mental health court. The rearrest rate of defendants who successfully
completed the program (N = 351) was 14.5%, compared to 38% among defendants negatively terminated from the program (N = 137), and 25.8% among defendants who chose not to participate (N = 89). This positive result held even when controlling for a range of variables in a Cox regression survival analysis. Factors
associated with rearrest are identified for each of the three groups. 相似文献
20.
This article presents data on the development of a child maltreatment actuarial risk inventory, The Cleveland Child Abuse
Potential Scale (C-CAPS). The study consisted of three groups in a juvenile court setting: child custody cases without indication
of maltreatment (N = 34), cases where maltreatment was indicated (N = 37), and a third middle ground group of cases referred to the court’s Diagnostic Clinic (N = 47). This third group of cases had not elevated to court involvement with a filing of child maltreatment. Study results
provide compelling support for overall classification accuracy, with 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity and an overall hit
rate of 98%, when only the maltreatment and non-maltreatment groups were compared. Adding the third group of possible maltreatment
cases dropped the overall hit rate to 71%. The instrument was able to correctly classify 85% of Non-Maltreatment cases and
76% of Maltreatment cases. The overall factor structure of the instrument is also reviewed. 相似文献