c-fos基因及其在神经病理和法医学中的研究进展

c－fos基因是最先被分离出来的初级反应基因（primaryreesponsegenes）之一，它早已引起医学界，尤其是神经生物学界的高度重视。对它的研究既关系到初级反应基因如何传递细胞外信号，又关系到神经系统如何对外界产生适应性反应等一系列重大课题。当前，c－fos是基因研究的热点之一。仅1992～1996年间有关脑损伤、脑缺血致脑组织C－fos表达的研究，就有甚多的论文发表。现根据查阅到的部分文献，对C－fos在脑损伤、脑缺血过程中的表达研究作一简要综述。一、概述癌基因（oncosene，又称原癌基因Proto－oncogene，包括病毒癌基因v－one和细…     

c-fos基因及其在神经病理和法医学中的研究进展

c-fos基因是最先被分离出来的初级反应基因(primary reesponse genes)之一,它早已引起医学界,尤其是神经生物学界的高度重视.对它的研究既关系到初级反应基因如何传递细胞外信号,又关系到神经系统如何对外界产生适应性反应等一系列重大课题.当前,c-fos是基因研究的热点之一.仅1992～1996年间有关脑损伤、脑缺血致脑组织c-fos表达的研究,就有甚多的论文发表.现根据查阅到的部分文献,对c-fos在脑损伤、脑缺血过程中的表达研究作一简要综述.     

The neuropathology of heroin abuse

A broad spectrum of neuropathologic changes are encountered in the brains of heroin abusers. The main findings are due to infections, either due to bacterial spread from bacterial endocarditis, mycoses, or from HIV-1 infection. Other complications include hypoxic-ischemic changes with cerebral edema, ischemic neuronal damage and neuronal loss, which are assumed to occur under conditions of prolonged heroin-induced respiratory depression, stroke due to, for example, thromboembolism, vasculitis, septic emboli, hypotension, and positional vascular compression. Myelopathy is believed to be the result of an isolated vascular accident within the spinal cord due to an as yet unknown mechanism. A distinct entity, spongiform leukoencephalopathy, has been described mainly after inhalation of pre-heated heroin. A lipophilic toxin-induced process was considered to be due to contaminants and to be induced or enhanced by cerebral hypoxia, but a definite toxin could not be identified. At the cellular level, abnormalities in signal transduction systems and changes of various receptor densities have been reported. The exact etiology of the different neuropathological alterations associated with heroin abuse is still unclear, but may also be related to additional substances used as adulterants.     

Geographic forensic medicine and forensic sciences

The necessity of learning more about the criminality and the culture of persons from overseas is upon us. As forensic scientists, we have to take a lead in presenting information to our colleagues that would facilitate their investigations. In this paper, we look at many of the different cultures that have been presented to American authorities, and the activities of the Milton Helpern International Center for the Forensic Sciences are discussed.     

Computer-assisted systems for forensic pathology and forensic toxicology

A computer software, R?ttsBASE (RB), was developed for all forensic pathology units in Sweden and introduced in 1992. Simultaneously, a corresponding software, ToxBASE (TB), was developed for the Department of Forensic Toxicology, where all forensic toxicology in Sweden is managed. Both of the databases were created using dBASE IV, and the programming was carried out according to specifications from the staff at the forensic toxicology and forensic pathology units. since the development or RB and TB was coordinated, the systems can run together smoothly. The purpose of both systems was to automate the offices and to enable compilation of detailed statistics. Installation of Novell Netware and ISDN-connections (Integrated Service Digital Network) has enabled rapid communication between the units and easy compilation of nationwide statistics of forensic pathology and forensic toxicology. the systems offer a wide spectrum of reports and include a simple module for evaluation of the importance of the forensic efforts for th whole death investigation. The configuration of the softwares has also enabled processing of a large amount of related toxicological and autopsy data that in turn has yielded a base for compilation of toxicology interpretation lists. This article includes a summary of the features of the software and a discussion of its benefits and limitations.     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

精神分裂症的神经病理学研究进展

主要综述近十年来精神分裂症的神经病理学研究进展,包括精神分裂症的结构成像,半球不对称性,神经发育,以及结构与功能的联系。     

Clinical forensic medicine

This article discusses the merits of participation by medical examiners in the area of clinical forensic medicine. The present connotation that we deal after the fact should be abandoned with enhanced involvement in assisting the living. The paper focuses on a broad range of categories where forensic scientists by virtue of their training and experience could be most helpful in the application of medical knowledge to the solution of questions of law.     

论法医专家顾问和法医鉴定结论的质证

根据证据学的观点提出法医鉴定结论是一种科学证据，指出无论是民事诉讼还是刑事诉讼中，对其进行质证对维护司法公正的必要性和重要性。由于法医鉴定结论的专业性，对其质证时，当事或控辩双方，以及法院聘请法医专家顾问。协助对法医鉴定结论的质证具有重要的意义。     

论法医专家顾问和法医鉴定结论的质证

根据证据学的观点提出法医鉴定结论是一种科学证据,指出无论是民事诉讼还是刑事诉讼中,对其进行质证对维护司法公正的必要性和重要性。由于法医鉴定结论的专业性,对其质证时,当事或控辩双方,以及法院聘请法医专家顾问,协助对法医鉴定结论的质证具有重要的意义。     

Non-traumatic postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) findings of the lung

PURPOSE: We attempted to obtain postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) images of the lung in cases of non-traumatic death and describe the results to distinguish usual postmortem findings from those of specific thoracic causes of death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our subjects were a total of 150 consecutive non-traumatic cases with cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival who were examined by CT within 2h after certification of death between January 1993 and December 2001. PMCT images of the lung and the frequency of imaging findings (dependent density, ground glass attenuation (GGA), consolidation, pleural effusion, and endotracheal (or endobronchial) air defect) were retrospectively reviewed. Autopsy had been conducted in 16 of the cases. RESULTS: The causes of death and frequency percentages of dependent density, GGA, consolidation, pleural effusion, and endotracheal (or endobronchial) air defect were: 91 cases of acute heart failure (AHF) (69, 66, 24, 11, 14%), 23 cases of aortic dissection (57, 39, 4, 52, 0%), 11 cases of pneumonia (18, 82, 100, 45, 27%), 23 other specified cases (52, 30, 13, 17, 9%), and two unspecified cases (0, 0, 0, 50, 0%), [total respective frequency percentages were (60, 57, 25, 21, 12%)]. Autopsy confirmed that GGA on PMCT in AHF cases corresponded to pulmonary edema. CONCLUSION: When PMCT of the lung shows no other shadows than dependent density, further analysis is necessary to detect the cause of death.     

中国法医学会物证专业委员会法医DNA分析的若干建议

中国法医学会法医物证学专业委员会与国际法医遗传学会中文专委会于2006年10月在成都召开学术会议。我们的讨论强调有必要将国际法医遗传学会的信息及时传递到中国。因此,按照国际法医遗传学会的指南,我们推荐混合斑分析,法医DNA数据库及新遗传标记选择标准供同行参考。     

Standardization in forensic medicine

It is for the first time that an issue is raised on the need to introduce a system of standardization into the forensic medical field. A general scheme is suggested of how to do it.