事件相关电位与多道心理测谎的比较分析

事件相关电位测谎技术(简称ERP)作为近年来兴起的心理测试方式与传统的多道心理测试技术相比有很大的不同:在基本原理方面,事件相关电位测谎是根据被试对相关刺激的脑电反应来判别他与所调查事件的关系,而多道心理测试技术则是根据被试对相关刺激的呼吸和血压的变化来进行评判;在测试内容和程序方面表现为行为样本、评分标准和测试结论上的差异;在效度、信度方面,多道心理测试技术具有优于事件相关电位测谎的信度和效度研究成果。     

事件相关电位的测谎与反测谎研究进展

基于成熟的脑科学研究的事件相关电位(ERPs)发展而来的认知脑电测谎技术是利用认知神经科学的原理开发的新兴测谎技术。近年来,认知脑电测谎技术越来越得到法庭科学界的认可。其主要基于CIT测谎原理,采用以CTP为基础的诸多方式,在脑电测谎比对指标的选取等方面均有诸多研究。本文针对ERP测谎基础原理、范式与方法、提高测谎的准确性与抗干扰性等方面的研究进展进行综述,希望能对ERP测谎技术的进一步研究和应用所借鉴。     

事件相关电位的测谎与反测谎研究进展

基于成熟的脑科学研究的事件相关电位（ERPs）发展而来的认知脑电测谎技术是利用认知神经科学的原理开发的新兴测谎技术。近年来，认知脑电测谎技术越来越得到法庭科学界的认可。其主要基于CIT测谎原理，采用以CTP为基础的诸多方式，在脑电测谎比对指标的选取等方面均有诸多研究。本文针对ERP测谎基础原理、范式与万法、提高测谎的准确性与抗干扰性等方面的研究进展进行综述，希望能对ERP测谎技术的进…步研究和应州所借鉴、     

事件相关电位测谎的心理测量学要素分析

事件相关电位测谎是在对信息加工脑活动的电生理显示的基础上,通过直接读取案件相关的脑电位变化,来判别被测人是否与案件有关的心理测试方式.文章从心理测量学的角度分析此种测试方式的科学性、客观性并认为该测试方式的指标选择具有代表性.可测性和可接受的信度和效度.     

心理测试技术的应用——犯罪心理痕迹鉴定结论的证据意义及审查

随着科学技术的发展,更多的技术手段将进入司法领域,成为法庭证据。犯罪心理痕迹鉴定技术就是其中一种。犯罪心理痕迹鉴定结论的证据意义犯罪心理痕迹鉴定技术即犯罪心理测试技术,它是运用现代心理学和实验心理技术成果以及神经生理学、生理电子学等学科研究成果,通过专用心理测试系统和智能计算机,同时同步记录被测人的多项心理生理反应指标,进而评判心理痕迹对应相关度的实验心理技术,它所测试的是犯罪嫌疑人对作案有关情况的记忆痕迹,也就是在国外早已普遍流行而被我国错译为“测谎技术”的多道心理测试技术。国外20世纪初产生的“测谎技     

多道心理生理测谎结论的证据之路

作为传统、经典的测谎技术,多道心理生理测谎是指测谎员有结构地对被测人进行提问,并运用多道生理记录仪记录其生理反应;根据对被测人生理反应的分析给出其在所调查的问题上是否说谎的意见。虽然世界许多国家,包括中国,都在运用多道心理生理测谎技术,但在司法实践中其结论能否作为证据一直存有争议。本文首先介绍美国、日本及中国多道心理生理测谎结论的证据立法状况,然后提出在当前中国应该如何看待多道心理生理测谎结论的证据地位,最后提出应如何推进其证据发展之路。一、多道心理生理测谎结论在美国的证据之路美国法院对待多道心理生理测…     

多道心理生理测谎的心理测量学要素

多道心理生理测谎测试是运用多道生理记录仪有结构地对被测人进行提问,并记录其生理反应,根据对该被测人生理反应的分析给出其在所调查的问题上是否说谎的意见。虽然世界多个国家在运用多道心理生理测谎技术,但对测谎结论的证据效力一直存有争议。作者结合研究现状,从行为样本、标准化、难度的客观测量、信度、效度这五个心理测验要素出发,探讨该技术的科学性。通过分析,作者认为多道心理生理测谎指标选择具有代表性、可测性;具有可接受的信度和效度。     

多道心理生理测谎结论的证据之路

作为传统、经典的测谎技术．多道心理生理测谎是指测谎员有结构地对被测人进行提问．并运用多道生理记录仪记录其生理反应：根据对被测人生理反应的分析给出其在所调查的问题上是否说谎的意见。虽然世界许多国家，包括中国．都在运用多道心理生理测谎技术，但在司法实践中其结论能否作为证据一直存有争议。本文首先介绍美国、日本及中国多道心理生理测谎结论的证据立法状况．然后提出在当前中国应该如何看待多道心理生理测谎结论的证据地位．最后提出应如何推进其证据发展之路。     

测谎技术的心理与生理机制

现代测谎技术是在长期的司法工作特别是犯罪侦查实践中逐步形成和发展起来的一门应用技术。测谎的有效性,已在国内外长期而广泛的应用实践中得到证实。然而测谎学的理论尚远不成熟,对测谎的心理生理机制的研究还很不深入、充分,致使测谎技术带有较强的经验性、模糊性、不精确性。本文从情绪,认知,注意和定向反射四个方面探讨了测谎的心理生理机制。认为,COT技术主要基于情绪反应。OKT技术主要基于认知心理,但两种技术共同的心理基础都是注意。注意的生理基础是定向反射。因此,测谎的实质,就是测试被测人的心理定向反射。     

浅谈运用心理测试（测谎）技术前应做的几点准备工作

现代心理测试（测谎）是一种新型的技术,它涵盖了现代心理学、生理学、犯罪心理学、电子生物学等多门类学科,我国从1991年开始将此技术运用到刑事犯罪侦查领域以来,已经为侦查机关办过很多成功的案例。经实践证明,心理测试（测谎）技术在认定犯罪、排除无辜、坚定办案人员信心、搜索重要证据线索、明确侦查方向、瓦解犯罪嫌疑人的抗拒心理等方面发挥了重要的作用。     

Lie detection: historical, neuropsychiatric and legal dimensions

Lying and deception are behaviors that have been studied and discussed extensively in the scientific, philosophical and legal communities for centuries. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of the literature and thinking to date about deception, followed by an analysis of the efficacy and evolution of lie detection techniques. The first part explores the definitions of lying, from animal behaviorists' perspectives to philosophical theories, along with demographics and research about the prevalence of lying and characteristics of those who lie. This is followed by a discussion of possible motivations for lying, moral arguments about the legitimacy of or prohibition against lying, and developmental theorists' explanations for the growth of a human being's capacity to lie. The first section provides an introduction for the second part, a historical and critical review of lie detection techniques. Early methods, such as phrenology and truth serums are contrasted with more modern-day approaches, such as polygraphy and functional MRIs. Conclusions are drawn about whether technology has really advanced the art of detecting deception. Finally, the article enters a discussion about the law's response to lie detection methods and to deception in general. United States landmark cases, at both the state and federal level, are critiqued with regard to their impact on the admissibility into court of lie detection methods as evidence. Just as the scientific community has been wary of embracing many of these methods, so has the legal community. Through a review of the legal, scientific and pseudo-scientific issues surrounding deception, a greater understanding is reached of the complexity of this universal and morally loaded behavior.     

Charred body: virtual autopsy with multi-slice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

The correct examination of a charred body is a forensic challenge. Examination, interpretation, and conclusion in respect to identification, vital reactions, toxicological analysis, and determining cause and manner of death are all more difficult than without burns. To evaluate what can be seen in the case of a charred body, we made an examination with the new radiological modalities of cross-section techniques, via multi-slice Computed Tomography (MSCT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), prior to performing the classical forensic autopsy. In a charred body case of a single motor vehicle/fixed object collision with a post crash fire, the radiological methods of MSCT and MRI made it possible to document the injuries caused by burn as well as the forensic relevant vital reactions (air embolism and blood aspiration). In conclusion, we think postmortem imaging is a good forensic visualization tool with a great potential for the forensic documentation and examination of charred bodies.     

Virtopsy: postmortem minimally invasive angiography using cross section techniques--implementation and preliminary results

Postmortem investigation is increasingly supported by Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This led to the idea to implement a noninvasive or minimally invasive autopsy technique. Therefore, a minimally invasive angiography technique becomes necessary, in order to support the vascular cross section diagnostic. Preliminary experiments investigating different contrast agents for CT and MRI and their postmortem applicability have been performed using an ex-vivo porcine coronary model. MSCT and MRI angiography was performed in the porcine model. Three human corpses were investigated using minimally invasive MSCT angiography. Via the right femoral artery a plastic tube was advanced into the aortic arch. Using a flow adjustable pump the radiopaque contrast agent meglumine-ioxithalamate was injected. Subsequent MSCT scanning provided an excellent anatomic visualization of the human arterial system including intracranial and coronary arteries. Vascular pathologies such as calcification, stenosis and injury were detected. Limitations of the introduced approach are cases of major vessel injury and cases that show an advanced stage of decay.     

Progress in diagnosis of neurogenic erectile dysfunction

Recently, with application of evoked potentials technology in the test of somatic and autonomic nerves, quantitative sensory testing in the detection of small nerve fiber function, and functional magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of senior central function, the detection of neural function has become more accurate. This article reviews the progress and application of diagnostic methods about neurogenic erectile dysfunction in order to provide a reference for forensic diagnosis and research in the future.     

A novel approach to the visualisation of heat-induced structural change in bone.

A new approach to visualising heat-induced change in bone was attempted. This was an attempt to counter the serious limitations of existing analytical methods yet still allow for the examination of subtle changes that occur due to burning. A new form of Magnetic Resonance Imaging was deemed to fulfil this remit. Preliminary tests were performed and proved successful in creating clear, well-defined images of progressive heat-induced structural changes in bone. The implications for improving our understanding of heat-induced change, and therefore our methods of human identification, are significant.     

Visualization and quantification of air embolism structure by processing postmortem MSCT data

Venous air embolism (VAE) is an often occurring forensic finding in cases of injury to the head and neck. Whenever found, it has to be appraised in its relation to the cause of death. While visualization and quantification is difficult at traditional autopsy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) offer a new potential in the diagnosis of VAE. This paper reports the findings of VAE in four cases of massive head injury examined postmortem by Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) prior to autopsy. MSCT data of the thorax were processed using 3D air structure reconstruction software to visualize air embolism within the vascular system. Quantification of VAE was done by multiplying air containing areas on axial 2D images by their reconstruction intervals and then by summarizing the air volumes. Excellent 3D visualization of the air within the vascular system was obtained in all cases, and the intravascular gas volume was quantified.     

Detection of deception with fMRI: Are we there yet?

A decade of spectacular progress in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology and systems neuroscience research has so far yielded few changes in our daily lives. The dearth of clinical applications of this prolific and academically promising research tool began raising the eyebrows of the public and the research funding agencies. This may be one of the reasons for the enthusiasm and interest paid to the growing body of literature suggesting that blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) fMRI of the brain could be sensitive to the differences between lie and truth. The word ‘differences’ is critical here since it refers to the often‐ignored core concept of BOLD fMRI: it is only sensitive to differences between two brain states. Thus, available studies report using fMRI to discriminate between lie and truth or some other comparative state rather than to positively identify deception. This nuance is an example of the extent to which applied neuroscience research does not lend itself to the type of over‐simplification that has plagued the interpretation of fMRI‐based lie detection by the popular press and the increasingly vocal academic critics. As an early contributor to the modest stream of data on fMRI‐based lie detection, I was asked by Dr Aldert Vrij to write a piece in favour of fMRI‐based lie detection, to be contrasted with a piece by Dr Sean Spence presenting an opposite point of view ( Spence, 2008 ). This seemingly straightforward task presented two hurdles: having to respond to the popular as well as scientific view of what lie detection with fMRI is and present a wholly positive view of evolving experimental data.     

Police Lie Detection Accuracy: The Effect of Lie Scenario

Although most people are not better than chance in detecting deception, some groups of police professionals have demonstrated significant lie detection accuracy. One reason for this difference may be that the types of lies police are asked to judge in scientific experiments often do not represent the types of lies they see in their profession. Across 23 studies, involving 31 different police groups in eight countries, police officers tested with lie detection scenarios using high stakes lies (i.e., the lie was personally involving and/or resulted in substantial rewards or punishments for the liar) were significantly more accurate than law enforcement officials tested with low stakes lies. Face validity and construct validity of various lie scenarios are differentiated.     

反测谎行为研究

在测谎技术不断成熟的今天,其另一方面——反测谎也随着测谎技术的发展而发展,并且有被受测者普遍使用之势。反测谎的出现,极大地影响着测谎结论的准确性和有效性。认识反测谎,是对抗反测谎、提高测谎准确性的重要前提。应该依据测谎技术的发生原理及其学科基础,并结合测谎技术的使用过程,运用生理学、心理学、生理心理学及药理学等知识,对反测谎的依据、伎俩手段等进行研究探讨,同时认为反测谎在一定程度上是可以识别和对抗的。反测谎行为研究,符合科技战之研究主题。