Taking Life and Liberty Seriously: Reconsidering Criminal Liability Under Article 2 of the ECHR

What is the relationship between the right to life and criminal liability, and what should it be, given the significance we rightly attribute both to human life and to human freedom? This article explores the circumstances in which the European Court of Human Rights imposes a positive obligation to criminalise and pursue criminal forms of redress, and concludes that the Court's doctrine carries the potential of both coercive overreach and dilution of the right to life itself. These problems are compounded by opacity in the Court's doctrine. I propose a way forward that takes both the right to life and human freedom seriously.     

The Enjoyment of Rights and Freedoms: A New Conception of the 'Ambit' under Article 14 ECHR

Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as applied by the UK judiciary under the Human Rights Act 1998, is in danger of becoming as 'parasitic' as it is often described. Judges have inappropriately narrowed the scope of the 'ambit' of other Convention articles, and thus limited the number of claims to which Article 14 can apply, by defining it according to considerations more properly weighed in a justification analysis incorporating proportionality. The emerging approach departs from Strasbourg jurisprudence, and fails to give full effect to the language and intent of Article 14. This trend need not continue. This article begins the process of fashioning a new conception of the ambit of Convention articles: one that could change the fortunes of Article 14 cases in the UK, but that flows naturally from the precedents of the European Court of Human Rights, and gives effect to the spirit of the HRA.     

按份共有人优先购买权制度之适用——《物权法》第101条的解释与完善

我国《物权法》第101条关于按份共有人优先购买权制度的规定过于简约,存在诸多适用上的争议。作为制度分析的起点,应将按份共有人优先购买权的法律性质界定为形成权,从而以避免理论上的缺陷。从解释论的立场出发,可通过民法解释学的方法阐明《物权法》第101条前段的＂转让＂和＂份额＂的含义。在《物权法》第101条相关规定阙如的情形下,应通过比较法和规范意旨之分析,明确按份共有人优先购买权的行使、行使的效力和权利冲突等具体问题。     

On the Social Foundations for Crimmigration: Latino Threat and Support for Expanded Police Powers

Objectives

Because of the merging of immigration control and criminal justice, or “crimmigration,” state and local police increasingly drive interior immigration enforcement through the routine policing of crime. At the same time, growing evidence indicates that immigration is an ethnicity-coded issue that allows for the veiled expression of broader anti-Latino sentiments. Yet little research has examined whether public perceptions of either immigrants or Latinos influence support for police policies and practices that, in the context of crimmigration, may significantly shape immigration enforcement and, more broadly, may contribute to the subordination of Latinos. The current study addresses this research question.

Methods

The study draws on data from a recent nationally representative telephone survey and employs multivariate regression methods to evaluate whether perceptions of Latino economic and political threat are associated with support for granting police greater latitude in stopping, searching, and using force against suspects.

Results

This study provides the first evidence that, at least among Whites, perceived Latino threat is positively associated with support for expanding police investigative powers, especially the power to stop suspects based only on the way they look.

Conclusions

The results suggest that by increasing public support for aggressive policing, or, at minimum, by reducing opposition to discriminatory social controls such as police profiling, Latino threat perceptions may increase the political attractiveness and viability of crimmigration as a “solution” to the “Latino problem.”

     

Improving the Comprehensibility of a Canadian Police Caution on the Right to Silence

Modifications to a Canadian police caution on the right to silence were made in an attempt to increase its comprehensibility. University participants were asked to imagine themselves in an arrest and interrogation situation in which they were either innocent or guilty. It was hypothesized that participants who received the modified caution would score significantly higher on measures of comprehension than those who received the standard caution. Results indicated that comprehension was significantly higher among those that received the modified caution and that those with higher comprehension scores were more likely to exercise their right to silence. These findings suggest that clarifying and standardizing how a detainee’s rights are communicated will lead to better comprehension and greater protection against false or coerced confessions.     

自由、知情权和公共话语--透明化在公共生活中的作用

一　导　言言论自由既是目的 ,又是手段 ,言论自由不仅是政府不可剥夺的公众的基本权利 ,同时也是实现其它基本权利的手段。通过言论自由可以对政府进行必要的控制 :新闻自由不仅可以尽可能的减少政府权力的滥用 ,还可以促使政府更好的满足公众的基本诉求。 1 998年诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿马蒂亚·森有力的证明了 ,饥荒不可能在一个言论自由的国度出现。〔 1〕因为并非食物总体上的缺乏导致了饥荒 ,更主要的原因在于贫穷地区的穷人缺少获得食物的途径。而言论自由可以将这些问题曝光 ,问题一旦曝光 ,舆论和公众都无法再容忍政府对这些问题无动…     

健康权:法伦理视野的解读

对于健康权的解读,大多是从法律学的视角进行的。把法伦理作为健康权研究的视角,是由健康权的价值决定的。健康权的法伦理图像为我们提供了研究健康权的形而上基础,健康权的意义世界为我们提供了研究健康权的伦理精神,健康权何以可能为我们提供了研究健康权的逻辑法则,健康权的法伦理基石为我们提供了研究健康权的合理性建构。     

论行政裁量权的司法控制——《行政诉讼法》第5条、第54条之解读

行政裁量权的司法控制是各国行政诉讼重要课题之一。司法审查是监督和控制行政裁量权的重要手段,但我国《行政诉讼法》对行政裁量权的司法审查问题并没有作出专项而具体的规定,学界和实务界在该法第5条和第54条规定中寻求司法控制行政裁量权的根据。然而,对法律条文的理解众说纷纭,莫衷一是,造成理论混乱并给司法控制行政裁量权的实践带来了消极影响。探析行政裁量相关规定对《行政诉讼法》的修改,将不无裨益。     

物权法定原则批判——兼评《中华人民共和国物权法》第五条

物权法定原则下的物权体系是封闭性的,不能及时吸纳经济生活实践中涌现出来的新型物权。物权法定原则限制了民事主体的财产自由,违背了私法自治原则,而且没有充分、正当的立法理由。我国《物权法》第五条明确规定了物权法定原则,这是一个不明智的立法选择,将来应当予以废弃,代之以实行物权自由创设主义,以公示性作为物权与债权的区分标准,使物权体系由封闭走向开放。     

论欧洲人权机构对人身自由与安全权的保护

人身自由与安全权是一项重要的基本人权,同时也是实现其他权利的基础.作为<世界人权宣言>发表后诞生的第一个区域性人权保护组织,欧洲人权机构通过其丰富的判例对"人身自由"与"人身安全"内涵作出界定,确立了人身自由与安全权保护的一系列标准,并注重对被依法剥夺人身自由者所享有的权利的保护,但是,欧洲人权机构在保护人身自由与安全权方面存在人权委员会与人权法院对个案的决定相互矛盾的问题,欧洲人权法院对个别案件作出的判决也存在对公约的规定适用不当和对该项权利保护乏力的问题.     

专利权例外的国际标准——TRIPs协议第30条及其适用

专利法的立法精神,在于激励发明创造,以促进社会创新能力与国家产业发展,专利权人所享有之垄断权利乃以不阻碍社会科技进步与持续创新为限度,为避免专利权的行使妨碍进一步的技术创新与研究发展,大多数国家的专利法都规定了专利权例外制度.     

物权行为与恶意第三人——一个误解的说明

物权行为理论保护恶意第三人的观点是对德国民法关于第三人规范的误解。在遵从物权行为理论的德国民法中,第三人对前手交易合同瑕疵的知情不为恶意,第三人对出让人无处分权的知情才构成恶意。德国民法对“恶意第三人”的规范是日尔曼民族形式主义交易观念的传承,它与物权行为理论相契合,目的是实现当事人的利益平衡。     

A New Approach to the Interpretation of the French Constitution in Respect to International Conventions: From Hierarchy of Norms to Conflict of Competence

Netherlands International Law Review -     

Airport Noise and the Right to Family Life: A Legitimate Application of Article 8 of the European Convention?

The central question in this piece is the scope of Article8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and in particular its extension to the protection of environmental rights.Whilst environmental rights have been recognised as fundamental human rights in international and regional contexts, the extension of the positive obligations of the state in relation to Article 8, which focuses on the private sphere, is problematic where there is an onus on the individual state to balance the inevitable conflicts between the protection of individual rights and national economic interests which include the freedom of individuals and groups to enjoy the benefits of competitive business. Equally important is the question ofeffective remedies where a violation of the Convention has been found. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国警察协助模式的选取——一种比较法上的检讨与反思

我国的共同上级协调型为主的杂糅并存警察协助模式,存在的种种弊端,亟待改革。通过考察其他国家和地区的警察协助模式可以发现,德国和我国台湾地区的规则程序型模式是脱警化的法治产物,美国的执法结构完善型模式是多元分散的警察权的体现,新加坡和我国香港特区的职责内生型模式是法治发达地区的威权结晶。作为继受大陆法系传统、法治并不发达的我国大陆地区,警察协助的脱警化历史演变以及规则程序型运用的晨光初现,都将我们指向了规则程序型的道路,加强协助规则的立法是主要的发展方向。因此,以《人民警察法》修改为契机,重构以规则程序型为主的警察协助模式,对其它模式的合理取舍,是我国大陆地区未来警察协助的变革之路。     

基于信任的自动化决策:算法解释权的原理反思与制度重构

基于个人信息的算法自动化决策越来越普遍,我国《个人信息保护法》和相关国内外法律都引入算法解释权加以应对。但由于算法具有黑箱性、不确定性与复杂性,算法解释权是否应理解为一般性权利还是限定性权利,要求系统性解释还是个案性解释、事前解释还是事后解释、人工解释还是机器解释,都存在解释争议与适用困境。在原理层面,这一争议与困境源于个人算法控制论。应以沟通信任原则重构算法解释权,将算法解释权的性质视为一种程序性权利,而非实体性权利。算法解释权制度也应进行重构,建议根据自动化决策所处的行业领域、市场化程度、个案影响、企业能力而对其内容、程度、时间和方式作不同要求。