Report of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENSFI): formulation and testing of principles to evaluate STR multiplexes

This paper describes a collaborative exercise organised under the auspices of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). The purpose of this EU (European Union) funded group is to carry out research to enable STR loci to be compared between European laboratories, ultimately leading to the formation of a pan-European database. Accordingly, an exercise was designed to evaluate a prototype STR multiplex system manufactured by Applied Biosystems (ABD). Each laboratory was sent 12 samples to analyse along with a multiplex kit. Of specific interest was the definition of parameters to define the efficiency of the system. Stutter, split allelic peaks (differing by one base), pull-up, heterozygous balance and between locus balance were all objectively measured. Once the important parameters are defined it is possible to directly compare performances of different multiplexes and the different laboratories carrying out the tests. Since the multiplex used was a prototype system, this exercise cannot be regarded as a proficiency test.     

法院能否对司法鉴定机构实行核查

全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》第三条规定：＂国务院司法行政部门主管全国鉴定机构和鉴定人的登记管理工作＂,该条款十分明确规定了统一管理的主体。我国法律至今没有规定鉴定机构与鉴定人的登记、管理有任何例外情形。根据这一规定,社会司法鉴定机构与鉴定人必须由司法行政部门统一管理。人民法院对司法行政机关登记管理的司法鉴定机构实行核查于法无据,超越了人民法院职权,因此人民法院对司法鉴定机构不能实行核查。     

论高校司法鉴定机构之定位

就高校司法鉴定机构的职能与定位,以法学类院校司法鉴定机构为例,解剖、梳理问题,从机构的平台特征、职能体现、服务社会方面探讨内、外运行中面临的矛盾和窘困,寻求破解之道,以期改革创新、营造高校鉴定机构运行与发展的良好氛围。     

Error and its Meaning in Forensic Science

The discussion of “error” has gained momentum in forensic science in the wake of the Daubert guidelines and has intensified with the National Academy of Sciences' Report. Error has many different meanings, and too often, forensic practitioners themselves as well as the courts misunderstand scientific error and statistical error rates, often confusing them with practitioner error (or mistakes). Here, we present an overview of these concepts as they pertain to forensic science applications, discussing the difference between practitioner error (including mistakes), instrument error, statistical error, and method error. We urge forensic practitioners to ensure that potential sources of error and method limitations are understood and clearly communicated and advocate that the legal community be informed regarding the differences between interobserver errors, uncertainty, variation, and mistakes.     

海子之死的证据学谜区（下）

20年来，伴随着海子诗歌的巨大成功和广泛社会影响，海子逝世的原因也引起社会日益广泛的关注和推测。本文提出了关于海子死亡问题的证据学谜区、广义破案和证明。并对关于海子案件的纷繁杂乱的证据材料之筐、证据系统完型谜区、海子死亡原因的可能性空间、死亡安排、证据理论的难题与困境等问题进行了初步探索。     

海子之死的证据学谜区（上）

20年来,伴随着海子诗歌的巨大成功和广泛社会影响,海子逝世的原因也引起社会日益广泛的关注和推测。本文提出了关于海子死亡问题的证据学谜区、广义破案和证明。并对关于海子案件的纷繁杂乱的证据材料之筐、证据系统完型谜区、海子死亡原因的可能性空间、死亡安排、证据理论的难题与困境等问题进行了初步探索。     

论司法鉴定机构及其设置

司法鉴定机构是司法鉴定活动的具体组织者和执业平台,直接影响着司法鉴定结论是否客观、准确,影响着司法公正能否顺利实现。科学把握司法鉴定机构的基本特征,合理设置司法鉴定机构,是司法鉴定管理制度建设的重要课题之一。通过比较研究世界一些代表性国家司法鉴定机构的情况并予借鉴,进一步正确认识司法鉴定机构的性质及其法律地位,对改革和完善我国司法鉴定机构管理制度提出意见。     

分子印迹技术及其在司法鉴定领域的应用

分子印迹技术（MIT）是制备对特定目标分子具有分子识别功能聚合物（MIPs）的一门技术,由于MIPs具有的选择性,被广泛应用于各领域。对MIT和MIPs进行了介绍,并对其在司法鉴定领域的应用进行了综述。     

中国司法鉴定“国家队”访谈（下）

解决重大疑难案件的一名特型“国家队员”——访上海市公安司法鉴定中心阳春三月,本刊记者采访了第一批被遴选为国家级司法鉴定机构的上海市公安司法鉴定中心副主任张玉荣主任法医师。记者：张副主任,首先祝贺你们成为我国首批国家级司法鉴定机构。你作为机构的负责人对此有何感想？     

To be continued . . . Syntheses and trends in follow-up of quality assurance in West European higher education

The authors report on West European trends in follow-up arrangements of national quality assurance procedures. They argue that external quality assurance ought to adopt a broader conception of quality than is now often the case. Next, the general public ought to have a guarantee that external quality assurance is valid (through meta-evaluation) and has consequences (through follow-up arrangements). Follow-up currently is not well developed in many European countries in a formal sense, but is receiving more attention as external quality assurance is maturing. Finally, the authors link national quality assurance to the European dimension; an international network could fulfil important functions in making quality assurance transparent and credible across Europe. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

关于司法鉴定体制改革的实践与探索

本文对我国司法鉴定体制改革的背景、司法鉴定体制改革的目标要求、司法鉴定管理的基本定位等基本问题进行了介绍和论证.对于我国司法鉴定改革实践中存在的问题进行分析,对于改革前景进行探索.     

关于司法鉴定体制改革的实践与探索

本文对我国司法鉴定体制改革的背景、司法鉴定体制改革的目标要求、司法鉴定管理的基本定位等基本问题进行了介绍和论证.对于我国司法鉴定改革实践中存在的问题进行分析,对于改革前景进行探索.     

从证据学角度探讨法医学及其分支学科的重新定义

从证据学角度,对法医学及其分支学科进行了重新定义和划分。同时,为了从人文科学和自然科学两个方面理顺法医学的学科定位,尝试澄清了＂证据科学＂与＂法（庭）科学＂、＂应用医学＂与＂特种医学＂等相关上下位学科和平行学科的概念。     

涉讼司法鉴定收费制度的检视与重构

我国司法鉴定机构正经历着体制性的变革,司法鉴定事务的逐步立法规范,新的运作方式使现在的鉴定机构已成为市场主体,鉴定人也成为从鉴定费中获取收益的个体。过高的鉴定费用成为公民运用法律保护其合法权益的瓶颈,因而对鉴定费规制问题必须引起足够的重视。我国鉴定费问题突出表现在收费法律依据、收费标准、收费管理以及司法鉴定法律援助几个方面。鉴定费的收取制度应沿此问题的解决路径出发进行建构,其实质是公民诉权的保障和合法权益的维护。