Forensic sciences and medicine. The clinical or living aspects

This presentation of information regarding the application of the forensic sciences and medicine to the evaluation of living persons and its related problems is based on the case experience of a private practitioner of forensic medicine and pathology. Lawyers, law-enforcement personnel, and fellow physicians must be educated regarding the potential role of the forensic physician in the examination of living people. Many examples of the application of forensic expertise to the solution of crimes and civil problems involving living persons are included.     

Forensic medicine and criminalistics

The supplementary designation "criminalistics" in the title of certain forensic medical institutes in the first half of this century is to be regarded as a reaction to faulty developments in our specialty, which almost led to the elimination of forensic medicine as an independent scientific discipline in the 1960s. The ability to think in terms of criminalistics and the corresponding working procedures has always been a crucial precondition for the forensic physician, since forensic medicine is the application of medical knowledge for juridical purposes. Forensic medicine originated with the appraisal of cases of violent death by doctors, i.e., reconstruction of the facts in the case. To use the term "criminalistics" in the form of a supplementary designation is thus not required. An attempt is nevertheless made to define "medical criminalistics" as a small but important component of criminalistics. They are subdivided into two phases: the first part begins at the scene of the crime or the place of discovery (local evidence). Here, the trained eye of the forensic physician is indispensable to the criminal investigation department and the prosecutor. Medical criminalistic thinking and working procedures continue at the autopsy. Here, forensic autopsy differs from that practiced by the pathologist. Without knowledge of the situation at the discovery location, the forensic physician runs the risk of not recognizing facts that are important for reconstruction and thus becoming a "destroyer of clues". The second part of medical criminalistics is the actual detection of medical clues, i.e., the investigation of medical clues with special methods, including histological and toxicological investigations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

16例肺血栓栓塞猝死的法医学分析和临床研究

目的分析肺动脉血栓栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE）猝死的法医病理学特点,探讨医疗过程中发生PTE的危险因素,为临床预防、治疗提供帮助。方法对本市2002年至2009年16例PTE猝死案件进行回顾性分析。结果每例均至少存在1项已知的高危因素,其中外伤12例,慢性疾病长期卧床1例,手术3例;发病到死亡的时间平均为1.2h,6例≤1h,3例≤12h。结论对于高龄（≥40岁）外伤或手术患者,预防、早期诊断和治疗PTE对于患者的生命至关重要,发现深静脉血栓形成者应采取紧急手段处理栓塞,谨防发生PTE致猝死。     

Forensic medicine in The Netherlands

In this paper a review is given of the evolution of the Dutch Forensic Medical Association (Forensisch Medisch Genootschap, FMG): post-graduate education and the position of the police surgeon today in the Dutch legal and medical society. In just a couple of years forensic medicine has grown into a respected form of social health with worldwide contacts.     

Forensic medicine experiences in Kosovo

In summer 1999, a German forensic team of CID officers and forensic pathologists was sent to Kosovo on request of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to investigate possible war crimes. For this purpose, witnesses had to be found and interrogated and graves of victims had to be located and the bodies exhumed and examined forensically. Roughly 200 bodies have been found and examined during the campaign that were predominantly of male sex and showed mainly gunshot wounds. A high percentage of all bodies could be identified. The article deals with different forensic-pathologic aspects of such an investigation.     

Tasks of research in forensic medicine - different study types in clinical research and forensic medicine

In the last years the research output of forensic medicine has sometimes been regarded as insufficient and as of poor quality, especially when parameters as impact factors and external funding were taken into account. However, forensic medicine has different tasks compared to clinical medicine. The main difference between basic subjects, clinical and forensic medicine is not a lack of scientific efficiency in forensic medicine but is a result of the questions asked, the available methods and specific aims. In contrast to natural-scientific research, forensic science has furthermore important intersections with arts and socio-scientific disciplines. Etiologic and pathogenetic research is of only limited relevance in forensic medicine. Thus, forensic medicine is excluded from these research fields, which are mainly supported by external funding. In forensic medicine research mainly means applied research regarding findings, the probative value and reconstruction as well as examination at different points of intersection between medicine and law. Clinical types of research such as controlled randomised, prospective cross-sectional, cohort or case-control studies can only rarely be applied in forensic medicine due to the area specific research fields (e.g. thantatology, violent death, vitality, traffic medicine, analytical toxicology, hemogenetics and stain analysis). The types of studies which are successfully established in forensic medicine are comparison of methods, sensitivity studies, validation of methods, kinetic examinations etc. Tasks of research in forensic medicine and study types, which may be applied will be addressed.     

咬痕及其法医学鉴定

咬痕(bite mark)是指某一个体的牙齿或牙齿与口腔其它部分一起作用于物体(人体、食物和其它物体),造成该物体在形态学上发生改变而留下的痕迹[1].1874年,美国"防止虐待动物学会"报告了第一例儿童虐待案例--玛丽.艾伦案,其中首次涉及到咬痕证据[2].咬痕多见于暴力案件和性犯罪案件,在受害人和加害人身上均可发现.许多学者认为,咬痕可以作为证据,因为咬痕特征具有明显的个体差异和相对稳定性,许多案件可以根据咬痕鉴定提供的线索和证据去破获或作正确的判决,由此可见,咬痕的法医学鉴定具有重要的实用价值.     

咬痕及其法医学鉴定

咬痕(ｂｉｔｅｍａｒｋ)是指某一个体的牙齿或牙齿与口腔其它部分一起作用于物体(人体、食物和其它物体),造成该物体在形态学上发生改变而留下的痕迹[1]。1874年,美国“防止虐待动物学会”报告了第一例儿童虐待案例———玛丽·艾伦案,其中首次涉及到咬痕证据[2]。咬痕多见于暴力案件和性犯罪案件,在受害人和加害人身上均可发现。许多学者认为,咬痕可以作为证据,因为咬痕特征具有明显的个体差异和相对稳定性,许多案件可以根据咬痕鉴定提供的线索和证据去破获或作正确的判决,由此可见,咬痕的法医学鉴定具有重要的实用价值。一、咬痕的发生情…     

澳门的法医鉴定制度

澳门9/94/Ｍ号法令确立了进行法医鉴定的有关法律制度,该制度已延伸至澳门特别行政区继续有效。下面简单介绍澳门法医鉴定的目的、范围及聘任官方法医鉴定人制度和其它法医鉴定人的程序以及相关制度。法医学鉴定目的一般是为了评估民事、劳动和刑事审判中各种损害。这种鉴定包括以下内容:1死亡检验或尸检解剖;2交通意外、工作意外、职业病、侵犯子宫内的生命罪(如对胎儿实施的犯罪行为)、侵犯身体完整性罪(如对于身体器官健康造成的侵权)及侵权性自由及性自决罪(如强奸罪),以上各种罪名中对于受害人的检验;3精神病检验;4对于上述第1、2两项…     

澳门的法医鉴定制度

澳门9/94/M号法令确立了进行法医鉴定的有关法律制度,该制度已延伸至澳门特别行政区继续有效.下面简单介绍澳门法医鉴定的目的、范围及聘任官方法医鉴定人制度和其它法医鉴定人的程序以及相关制度.     

Forensic medicine and medicolegal investigation in Sri Lanka

In a small country such as Sri Lanka, very interesting applications of forensic medicine and medicolegal investigation exist. We present information that provides an important addition to the knowledge of medicolegal investigators all over the world.     

Forensic medicine in the German Democratic Republic

Forensic medicine services were resumed in the territory of the Soviet occupation zone in early summer 1945. One coherent legal system was established, following the foundation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 7 October 1949. Forensic medicine was subject of teaching and examinations from the very outset. Sub-specialisation (fellowship) was introduced in 1955. The Gesellschaft für Gerichtliche Medizin der DDR (GDR Society of Forensic Medicine) was established in 1967 and began to organise with high continuity a wide-ranging variety of scientific events. Almost all administrative districts had their own institute of forensic medicine by 1990.     

Forensic medicine and toxicologic aspects of 2-propanol poisoning

Two cases of poisoning with 2-propanol (isopropylalcohol) are reported. In one case, nail polish remover was drunk by a 2-year-old child. The concentration of 2-propanol and its metabolite acetone in the blood could be observed over a period of approximately 50 h. The highest concentration of 2-propanol determined was 4.22 g/l. Acetone reached a maximum value of 2.27 g/l 12 h after ingestion. The child survived without any observable after-effects. In the second case, a 35-year-old man drank ethanol in addition to 2-propanol. The poisoning was lethal. The possible time of intake before death is discussed in relation to the estimated levels of ethanol, 2-propanol and acetone found in the blood and urine. The histomorphological findings are often important as well with regard to time of intake.     

基于Citespace的法医临床学研究发展历程分析

目的运用Citespace软件对法医临床学相关文献绘制知识图谱、进行可视化分析,探究该学科领域研究热点和动态发展,梳理鉴定难点脉络。方法汇总CNKI收录《中国法医学杂志》《刑事技术》《法医学杂志》《中国司法鉴定》刊登的法医临床学相关论文,利用Citespace分析其关键词、研究热点、基金资助、作者、发文机构及所在地等。结果法医临床学作为法医学分支学科之一,近年来呈现的科研成果部分获基金资助,多由开设法医学专业的院校完成;随着科研理论、技术方法推陈出新,法医临床学鉴定标准、版本也得以构建、更迭、完善,鉴定体量位居法医"四大类"之首。结论作为最具中国特色的法医学分支学科,法医临床学研究着重服务司法实践、以期用成果技术反哺鉴定,实现学术、实践的交流、转化。通过Citespace知识图谱可视化分析学科发展历程,有助于回溯此间规律,提示未来研究方向,提升鉴定业务水平,为持续增强法医临床学学科影响力提供借鉴。     

Forensic medicine experiences in cremation autopsy in Bonn

2016 coroner's crematorial inquests of the Bonn Institute of Legal Medicine over a 3 years' period were evaluated and the statements in the death certificates were compared to those ones of the Statistical Country Office of Northrhine-Westphalia. No significant differences were found with respect to age, gender and reason of death. However, the number of insufficiently classified deaths with respect to the reason of death were overrepresented especially in cases of older women, while the number of unnatural deaths was generally underrepresented. According to legal medical criteria 2 1/4 per cent of the deaths were falsely classified as natural. Only in 2 cases an autopsy was accomplished. Other author's statements on the validity of death certificates were confirmed.