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1.
This paper aims at assessing the magnitude of R&D spillover effects on large international R&D companies’ productivity growth.
In particular, we investigate the extent to which R&D spillover effects are intensified by both geographic and technological
proximities between spillover generating and receiving firms. We also control for the firm’s ability to identify, assimilate
and absorb the external knowledge stock. The results estimated by means of panel data econometric methods (system GMM) indicate
a positive and significant impact of both types of R&D spillovers and of absorptive capacity on productivity performance.
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2.
We present evidence on the efficiency of the resolution of financial distress in bankruptcy in The Netherlands. Direct costs
average 16%, firm recovery 37% and bank debt recovery 80%. The direct costs are lower in larger firms and in firms with more
bank debt. Costs increase with the time it takes to sell assets. Firm recovery is influenced by asset structure, capital structure
and to a lesser extent Dutch legal variables. However, the opportunity to continue operations in bankruptcy is chosen by about
half the firms and this has a positive effect on recoveries.
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3.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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4.
This paper investigates whether firms innovate persistently or discontinuously over time using an innovation panel data set
on German manufacturing and service firms for the period 1994–2002. It turns out that innovation behaviour is permanent at
the firm level to a very large extent. Using a dynamic random effects discrete choice model and a new estimator recently proposed
by Wooldridge (2005), I further shed some light on the driving forces for this phenomenon. The econometric results show that
past innovation experience is an important determinant for manufacturing as well as for service sector firms, and hence confirm
the hypothesis of true state dependence. In addition, the results highlight the important role of knowledge provided by skilled
employees and unobserved individual heterogeneity in explaining the persistence of innovation.
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5.
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
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6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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7.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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8.
This article evaluates whether the changing presence of foreign firms in India has had an impact on the performance of India’s
industrial sector by impacting on the utilization of intangible capabilities within firms. Foreign firms bring in technological
skills and capabilities and these are transferred by a spillover process to all of Indian industry. The results show a strong
relationship between the growing presence of foreign firms in India and measures capturing the utilization of varieties of
competencies in Indian industry. Thus, the notion that foreign firms’ capabilities can spillover to other sectors of industry
finds support in the data.
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9.
Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good when it is the outcome of the integration between internal
to the firm investments in R&D and learning and the absorption of competencies and technologies provided by external organizations
(such as, other firms, universities, R&D centers). Technological communication is a crucial strategy in such dynamic interaction
between the firm and the system. Only under effective conditions of technological communication the private and social benefits
derived from the exploitation of spillovers are higher than the private losses due to partial inappropriability. The article
presents a simple microeconomic framework to understand knowledge production and distribution, integrating the effects and
conditions of technological communication within a knowledge production function. The interaction between internal investments
in R&D and learning, partial inappropriability, the conditions for the access to external knowledge and the exploitation of
spillovers explains increasing returns in the production of knowledge.
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10.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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11.
Investigating the effects of privatization in transition countries is the focus of a large body of current research. Generally,
privatization stimulates private sector development, attracts foreign direct investment, fosters competition and contributes
to the formation of stock markets. In addition, privatization may improve individual enterprises’ performance. This paper
investigates the impact of privatization on Ukrainian firms’ productivity. The empirical research is based on a sample of
466 Ukrainian joint-stock enterprises for the period of 1997–1999. Estimation results indicate that privatization positively
influences labor productivity, sales and profitability, but also that these effects diminish over time.
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12.
This paper describes innovation-related data available from international economic surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis. These data are collected in conjunction with the international transactions accounts of the United States
and in surveys of the operations of multinational companies (MNCs). The paper focuses on five innovation-related series: receipts
and payments of royalties and license fees; exports and imports of research, development, and testing services; sales of services
by foreign affiliates classified in the research and development services industry; MNC R&D spending; and MNC R&D employment.
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13.
We study the successfulness of Science Parks (SPs) as seedbeds of innovation. We investigate whether SPs enhance the innovative
output of their tenants and if tenants outperform comparable outside-SPs firms. We rely on original matching datasets regarding
in- and out-SP Finnish firms and their patenting activity over 1970–2002. We estimate and compare the ‘before-versus-after’
hazard rates of patenting of both samples. The results suggest that, given the existence of a common tendency to slow down
the pace at which all firms patent during their life cycle, Park tenants exhibit a comparatively better performance. Results
are robust to various model specifications and to Wald tests performed over the pooled samples.
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14.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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15.
University spin-offs are defined as firms founded by university employees. Using a large database on venture-backed start-up
companies, I describe the characteristics of university spin-offs and investigate whether they perform differently than other
firms. I find that venture-backed university spin-offs are concentrated in the biotechnology and information technology industries.
Moreover, a spin-off tends to stay close to the university, suggesting that technology transfer through spin-offs is largely
a local phenomenon. Multivariate regression analyses show that university spin-offs have a higher survival rate but are not
significantly different from other start-ups in terms of the amount of venture capital raised, the probability of completing
an initial public offering (IPO), the probability of making a profit, or the size of employment.
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16.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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17.
This paper explores the various governance models for financially distressed firms. We offer a new typology of major bankruptcy
models and provide a connection between this bankruptcy law puzzle and the variables depicting the governance of healthy firms
in order to shed light on two topics: (1) the factors that the lawyer should consider before changing its national bankruptcy
law, and (2) the risks associated with each bankruptcy model according to the economic literature on bankruptcy law. Our final
aim is to test whether the various bankruptcy models detailed in the paper perform in separate economic and legal environments.
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18.
This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries.
We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems
of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher
levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries,
affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than
domestically owned enterprises.
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19.
This paper examines how patent protection in a technology recipient country affects international technology transfer. A theory
suggests that the effect of stronger patent protection on technology transfer is negative if the binding constraint is the
imitation profitability and positive if it is the incentive for the licensor to undertake technology transfer. We evaluate
these implications by examining the variations of the structure of licensing contracts across countries, based on a newly
collected database of licensing contracts by Japanese firms. Our major findings are the following. First, the incidence of
know-how licensing, either in the pure or in the bundled form, relative to that of pure patent licensing, declines significantly
with the level of foreign patent protection. This indicates a limited role of patents for facilitating know-how licensing.
Secondly, the probability and the strength of ownership control by a licensor declines with the level of patent protection,
indicating a positive effect of stronger patent protection in expanding the scope of the recipients of technology transfer.
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20.
This article evaluates the extent to which the legislative changes relating to foreign exchange that have taken place in India
within the last few decades, and in particular after 1991, have made an impact on the presence of foreign firms in the economy.
The data cover the period 1957–1958 to 2001–2002, and include the entire population of India’s corporate sector. In the period
after reforms commenced in 1991, the number of foreign firms in India has increased very substantially. The transformation
of the foreign exchange regulation act (FERA) to the foreign exchange management act (FEMA) in 1999 has had a positive effect
in inducing foreign firms to India. The FEMA legislation simplifies the maze of controls, procedures and bureaucratic minutiae
that have to be observed by all those undertaking to set up and operate a business in India. The changes in the legislative
regimes make India attractive as an investment destination for foreign firms.
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