Workers without rights as citizens at the margins

This article presents a normative account of citizenship which requires respect for labour rights, as much as it requires respect for other human rights. The exclusion of certain categories of workers, such as domestic workers, from these rights is wrong. This article presents domestic workers as marginal citizens who are unfairly deprived of certain labour rights in national legal orders. It also shows that international human rights law counteracts the marginal legal status of this group of workers. By being attached to everyone simply by virtue of being human, irrespective of nationality, human rights can complement citizenship rights when both are viewed as normative standards. The example of domestic work as it has been approached in international human rights law in recent years shows that certain rights of workers are universal. Their enjoyment cannot depend on citizenship as legal status or on regular residency. The enjoyment of labour rights as human rights depends, and should only depend, on the status of someone as a human being who is also a worker.     

国际法中的时际法规则

国际法中的时际法遵循法律无溯及力原则,即处理国际法中的时际法应遵循"法律事实应以与之同时的法律判断原则";但在具体适用该原则时,应该对权利产生时的法律和权利存续时的法律这两者之间做出区分,产生一个权利的行为受该权利产生时所适用的法律支配;按照同一原则,权利的存在,应当依循法律的演进所要求的一些条件。在争端解决时应以关键日期时的国际法和事实为依据。     

法律观念略论——兼论警察法律观念教育的若干问题

法律观念是人们关于法律的认知、评价和情感体验.法律观念在很大程度上制约和影响着法律实践活动,但这一问题长期以来并未引起我们的足够重视.在新的历史条件下,法律观念赖以产生、存在和发展的社会经济基础、政治基础和文化条件都已发生了深刻的变化,法律观念的变化和发展势所必然,这就要求我们必须以一种全新的视野和思维,反思和检讨原有的法律观念和思想,与时俱进地进行法律理论的变更和法律观念的更新,确立反映时代精神的法律观念;同时,对更新法律观念这一工作的繁重性、复杂性、艰巨性和长期性,要有一个正确认识和充分的心理准备.当前,在警察法律观念教育中,必须解决的一个带有根本性的问题就是关于警察权性质的认识问题.警察权作为公共权力的组成部分,是人民授予的,源于权利,以权利为依托和基础,并确认和保障实现权利,同时它是一种受控制的权力,因此,培养人民警察确立权利观念、人权观念、法律至上观念和程序正义观念等应属必然.     

Architectures of intergenerational justice: Human dignity,international law,and duties to future generations

This article draws attention to the constitutive requirements of intergenerational justice and exposes the limitations of regulative arguments based on international human rights law. Intergenerational justice demands constraining the regulative freedom of the international community, and it is tempting to assume that adequate constraints are already contained within existing treaties including international human rights treaties. In fact, intergenerational justice demands bespoke constitutional norms at the international level, and it demands entrenching constitutional norms. International human rights law per se implies neither of these constitutive propositions and both are problematic in light of the present structure of international law. Nevertheless, a combination of arguments concerning intergenerational justice and the systemic implications of human dignity yield a more constitutive account of human rights and therefore an internal critique of the overall architecture of international law.     

Development law: Squaring the circle, advancing human rights in Africa

Development law is an ethos-driven law reform paradigm that examines conditions from within the country and provides a frame of reference in which to evaluate the legal regime in the political, economic, social and cultural context. Moreover, development law provides a fresh approach to assessing existing national laws effectiveness generally; it assesses whether modifications are required to promote economic, political, and social progress, including protecting the rights of minority ethnic groups and disenfranchised peoples. By protecting rights, law can be an instrument of social development and will not be alien to large segments of the population. Development law as a paradigm is the result of decision making within the country after careful examination by trained professionals whose sole interest is political, economical, social, cultural and national development. The enactment of laws and integration of customary norms that are embraced by the ruling authority, political elites, and other stake holders will best advance human rights. I thank Professor Mary Wright for reviewing and providing helpful comments on a previous draft of this article.     

基本权利的冲突与平衡--对言论自由界限的个案分析

保护公民的基本权利是现代民主与法治国家的重要标志.但是宪法与法律所保护的基本权利发生冲突也时有发生,这也是目前许多国家面临的问题.为了达到基本权利的平衡,必须从国家的经济、政治、文化、伦理、道德等诸多因素出发,进行全面考量.     

我国警察权力观的反思与重构

警察权力观是人们关于警察权力的认知、评价和情感体验,是人们在对警察权力理解的基础上所形成的意向和决策思想,警察权力观如何在很大程度上制约和影响着警察权力在实践中的运用和行使。受制于传统文化理念、行政体制等因素影响,我国传统警察权力观不可避免或多或少地烙上人治、专制、等级等印迹,严重影响和制约了和谐社会的建设。因而,对其予以反思、梳理和革新,建构符合现代法治要求的,具有人权保护、法律至上、自然正义等新型警察权力理念,就显得非常必要和富有现代价值。     

论社区警务中的人权关怀

我国自20世纪90年代以来,不断加强社区警务建设,取得了显著成就。在我国社会主义市场经济、民主法制、权利保障不断发展和完善的历史潮流中,不断强化公安机关和社区民警的人权意识,增强对社区民众的人权关怀,应该成为我国社区警务建设的关键性环节。     

A comparative view of indigenous citizenship issues

Following the Wik decision it is being suggested that Australia ought now to revisit the translation of special legal norms formulated in international law with respect to the human rights of indigenous citizens. These have previously underpinned developments in both Australia and Scandinavia with respect to indigenous people. Recent Australian developments, particularly the struggle over indigenous property rights, exemplify the argument of O'Neill (1997) in the first volume of Citizenship Studies, which points to the absorption of civic autonomy by market sovereignty. O'Neill is correct to suggest that the dominance of market sovereignty reduces the political participation of those incapable of the competitive struggle for private affluence and that this has a squalid dimension. Central to this is the denial of the notion of community and dominance of the market. This dominance has obscured the significance of the Australian High Court's recognition of aboriginal land rights in Mabo. The decision put the incorrect application of terra nullius—or no man's land—to Australia to rights. It made it possible for the nation to contemplate indigenous sovereignty consequent upon the recognition of native title property rights. Australia's translation of those rights with the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) looked to international law for its rationale. The rights of the Sami people have been developed in Scandinavia largely with reference to the evolution of international law on indigenous peoples. As we approach 2000, Australia cannot continue to ignore the special legal norms in international law relating to citizenship of indigenous peoples. International law informs attempts by indigenous people in modern times to regain some of what they lost in the past.     

Human Rights Culture: Solidarity,Diversity and the Right to be Different

The concept of a human rights culture has been crucial to the incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights into UK law. In this paper media and activist representations of human rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender human rights are considered as indicative of an emerging human rights culture, especially around the Civil Partnerships Act 2004. A typology of representations of rights is developed and discussed. It is concluded that insofar as there is an emerging human rights culture, it is one that is concerned above all with creating and maintaining civic relationships rather than with the assertion of individual liberty, and as inviting political compromise rather than a principled stance on universal human rights.     

Common law environmentalism

The necessity to control environmental externalities is almost invariably given as justification for command-and-control regulation and other forms of state intervention in related markets. When even mentioned, common law remedies that protected environmental rights for centuries are quickly dismissed as either being unworkable or ineffective. A review of the common law experience indicates that the rule of law can be effective in protecting environmental rights. Indeed, it is quite possible that common law was too effective, which led to special interest demand for statute law. The rule of politics may be more attractive to rent seekers than the rule of law and markets.     

论居住权的权利建构

早期罗马法上的居住权制度已被后世两大法系演进为现代收益性居住权,集合物权、人权、民生权等多项权利基因,且在当下通过诉诸法院而表达出来,经由法院裁判生成一种新型权利。鉴于其权利结构具有融合性,能够有效融入我国《物权法》体系,故当以私法意义上的用益物权属性为权利基础,形成以《物权法》为核心的权利架构,明确居住权的主体与客体、权利与义务、变动与终止,以保障其权利的可诉性与规范的可操作性,拓宽居住权保护的救济路径,以实现居住权的法律保护。     

和谐社会与法治国家的同质性思考

依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家已走过十年历程。和谐社会与法治国家具有天然的同质性,二者追求社会和谐进步的目标一致,民主、秩序、公平正义、人权保障等价值追求一致。因此我们要进一步明确和谐社会构建中法治的重要作用,通过尊重保障权利,禁止权力滥用,大力培育市民社会的公民意识与法治精神以及建立道德规范体系,加快法治国家建设的进程,推进社会主义和谐社会建设。     

Religion and Fundamental Rights in European Politics: Convergences and Divisions at the European Parliament

European legislators must increasingly deal with issues related to fundamental rights. Religion is a frequent topic obliging them to do so. It is not directly part of the EU’s competences but is a source of values underlying policy choices and a tricky political object. Relying on the findings of a survey about what Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) believe and what they do with these beliefs, the article analyzes potential tensions created by religion in the implementation of human rights by the EU. A first part shows how and to what extent European law meets religion, and how it leaves ample room for flexibility but also for divergent interpretations. A second part states that MEPs agree largely on the principle of separation between politics and religion, but may be divided when it comes to drawing boundaries between the two domains. The conclusion points out the limits of the rule of law to prevent conflicts and suggests that human rights may inspire support as well as cause resistance to Europeanization.     

The unbearable rightfulness of being human: citizenship,displacement, and the right to not have rights

Claims to human rights protection made by displaced persons are displaced from the universe of humanity and rendered ineffective by the geopolitical character of modern international human rights law, in favour of the protection of citizens' rights claims. In response, there is increasing interest in leveraging respect for and protection of the rights of displaced persons through extension of the rights enjoyed and supposedly borne by emplaced citizens. However, it is a mistake to assume that humans as citizens bear human rights or that the freedoms that they may be able to extend beyond state boundaries are universalisable. The extension of the right to citizenship functions to displace questions of human rights themselves. The question of the human in rights is in fact always displaced, as long as the human subject is acted upon as if it could possess rights. In paying attention to the critical perspectives with which displaced persons confront the citizen, she or he may come to appreciate the fact that the universality of human rights is served where one does not claim to have rights but, rather, actively engages, without limits, with others in the struggle for rights and their respect.     

关于强制性侦查措施异议机制的思考

刑事诉讼法中的强制措施是保障刑事诉讼顺利进行的有力措施，但同时它也最容易对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人身权利造成侵害。在当事人遭受强制措施的侵害之后，如何及时挽救被侵害人的权利，恢复当事人的利益、保障犯罪嫌疑人以及被告人的人权，是刑事诉讼制度中需要特别关注的内容。我国刑事诉讼法没有赋予被采取强制措施者对强制措施提起异议的权利，特别是侦查阶段强制措施适用较少受到制约，犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人身权利和财产权难以得到有效保障。因此，建议在我国刑事诉讼法中建立强制性侦查措施的异议机制。     

Unequal access to human rights: the categories of noncitizenship

Abstract

International human rights law consists of a body of basic rights and principles that States are to enforce with respect to every person within their borders. The unfortunate reality, however, is that many States are incapable of ensuring the rights of everyone, and in some instances simply do not wish to do so. Accordingly, citizenship serves as an acknowledgment by a State that the status holder is entitled to a higher degree of protection. Conversely, noncitizens may enjoy less rights than citizens, and certain categories of noncitizens frequently find themselves outside of the State’s protection entirely. This article outlines many of the rights that international law directs should be enjoyed by every human being, the factors that contribute to unequal enjoyment of these rights, and the categories of noncitizen associated with the mediated allocation of basic human rights.     

Participation of the elderly in sociocultural life: human rights and inclusive practices under residential care

Although there is a growing tendency in academic literature to explore the rights of the elderly, the sociocultural dimension of well‐being of the elderly under residential care has not as yet been extensively conceptualized. This is why from the perspective of international human rights law, this article deals with the issues of implementing sociocultural rights of the elderly under residential care. The author analyses legal grounds justifying the existence of state obligations to implement sociocultural rights of the elderly within the institutions. Possible limitations of these rights are scrutinized. Investigating the issue of state obligations to implement the rights of the elderly to participate in sociocultural life within the institutions, the author refers to legal experiences of Finland. Examining whether Finnish statutory law is sensitive to sociocultural rights of the elderly under residential care, the author analyses the legislation of Finland and reports the materials of Finland, submitted to the European Committee on Social Rights. Prior to this, the author attempts to establish whether such a right as the right of the elderly to participate in sociocultural life has emerged in international human rights law. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论中国纳税人宪法权利的保护

权利与义务相对应是市场经济的基本法则。随着我国市场经济的发展,我们应该转变以前那种只重视征税而不注重保护纳税人权利的观念。纳税人的权利包括宪法和税法上的两个层次,当然宪法上纳税人的权利是税法上纳税人权利的基础,文章介绍了纳税人的宪法权利,我国纳税人宪法权利的缺失,以及保护完善纳税人宪法权利的对策:一是确立税收法定主义;二是实现税的相对公平;三是实现税的相对公开。     

被追诉人清白身份的保护——以无罪推定为视角

惩罚犯罪和保护人民是刑事诉讼的根本目的。任何人,一旦被证实触犯了刑法都应毫无例外地接受法律的制裁。然而在罪行被最终确定之前,基于无罪推定原则,被追诉人享有身份清白的假定,亦毋庸容忍正当权利被剥夺和歧视。刑事法律被视为人权保障书,其本意就是通过限制公权力的恣意妄为来保证被追诉人的清白不受侵犯。