The Environmental Justice Movement: Equitable Allocation of the Costs and Benefits of Environmental Management Outcomes

We present a review of theoretical and methodological advances in the social scientific literature on environmental inequality/racism and argue for new directions in research efforts that pay more attention to (1) the historical forces driving environmental justice conflicts; (2) the complex role of stakeholders in these struggles; (3) the role of social inequality, particularly the trade-offs between environmental protection and social equity; and (4) the impact of social movement activity on the state of environmental protection. Drawing on a case study of an environmental justice conflict in the United States, we find that environmental inequality impacts many actors with often contradictory and cross-cutting allegiances. These struggles therefore become a moving drama—a process—rather than a cross-sectional outcome. We conclude with an analysis of environmental inequality on a global scale and argue that the role of transnational capital remains largely untheorized in the literature. We suggest new models for explaining environmental inequality's causes and consequences.     

从"环境监管失职第一案"看我国环境法治的缺陷

全国首例"环境监管失职案"暴露出我国环境法治建设中存在的诸多问题。这些问题包括:环保机关职责混淆,监督机制存在缺陷,环保市场不够规范,环境事故损害评价体系不科学等。     

An Economic Analysis of Flexible Permit Trading in the Kyoto Protocol

This paper evaluates the relative gains from augmenting or restricting several of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. A nonlinear programming model of international emissions trading is used to assess the net benefits of extending trading across time periods and across countries (Joint Implementation), and including the developing world (Clean Development Mechanism). The effect of limiting permit purchases (supplementarity) is also evaluated. The analysis is intended to help guide further climate negotiations by identifying flexibility mechanisms that contribute the most to enhancing the gains from greenhouse gas mitigation and identifying restrictions that detract the most from these gains.     

论环境政策与环境法律的环境保护合力作用

我国的环境保护工作起步于环境政策,在建设法治国家进程中环境政策与环境法律的并存是客观实际的需要。环境政策和环境法律是我国保护环境的两种有效手段,二者有着共同的利益基础,二者并不矛盾,应当协调配合,共同发挥环境保护的合力作用。本文分析了环境政策与环境法律协调发展的理论基础,提出在现阶段环境政策和环境法律应当并存,进而提出正确处理环境政策与环境法律的协调配合关系。     

Toward Subnational Comparative Cultural Policy Analysis: The Case of Provincial Cultural Policy and Administration in Canada

Comparative policy analysis is an underdeveloped field of study in Canadian policy scholarship at the national and subnational levels. Cultural policy research is also underdeveloped in Canada, particularly at the provincial level. This article aims to contribute to the development of subnational comparative cultural policy analysis by assessing the analytical value of utilizing national-level cultural policy approaches as referents for provincial comparative analysis. We develop four main approaches to cultural policy and administration—the French, British, American, and hybrid (mixed) approaches—and explore their applicability to analyzing the origin and evolution of cultural policy and administration in five Canadian provinces. The article draws on a recently concluded three-year national study of provincial and territorial cultural policy and administration codirected by authors Gattinger and Saint-Pierre.     

The Evolving Structure of the Environmental Justice Movement in the United States: New Models for Democratic Decision-Making

Over the last two decades in the United States, mainstream environmental organizations have reduced, rather than increased, democratic participation by citizens in environmental problem-solving. The environmental justice movement, on the other hand, has served to enlarge the constituency of the environmental movement by incorporating poorer communities and oppressed people of color into environmental decision making process; build community capacity by developing campaigns and projects that address the common links between various social and environmental problems; and facilitate community empowerment by emphasizing grassroots organizing over advocacy. This paper outlines the different components in the environmental justice movement. It is our contention that if researchers and policymakers continue to conceive of the ecological crisis as a collection of unrelated problems, then it is possible that some combination of regulations, incentives, and technical innovations can keep pollution and resource destruction at tolerable levels for more affluent socioeconomic populations. However, poor working class communities and people of color which lack the political–economic resources to defend themselves will continue to suffer the worst abuses. However, if the interdependency of issues is emphasized as advocated by the environmental justice movement, then a transformative environmental politics can be invented.     

犯罪：环境诱因与人格缺陷的结合——杨佳案件心理分析

近十几年来,中国发生过不少起恶性的暴力杀人案。这些案犯的作案动机和理由不外乎恶意报复,或心理变态,或黑社会的亡命之徒恣意妄为。唯独杨佳案,因其作案对象、作案地点、作案手段等众多的特殊性,而令其作案动机蒙上一层迷雾。那么,究竟是什么原因导致了杨佳的残暴的犯罪行为？对于了解杨仕的犯罪心理和犯罪行为,如果从环境诱因和人格缺陷的结合的角度来探讨,可能可以给我们一些启示,并为预防此类恶性案件的再次发生有所帮助。     

环境刑法的伦理基础及其对环境刑法新发展的影响

环境伦理与环境刑法的发展具有互动性。环境刑法必须遵循环境伦理的导向性指引,同时环境刑法对环境伦理具有能动作用。随着环境伦理的不断发展,人们逐步认识到人类中心主义环境伦理观的局限与非人类中心主义环境伦理观的困境,折中的可持续发展环境伦理观成为环境刑法之伦理基础。可持续发展环境伦理观影响着环境刑法的新发展,这主要表现在环境法益的扩容和环境犯罪设置向刑事犯的逐步转化方面。     

Ethics,Justice, and Suffering in the Thought of Levinas: The Problem of the Passage

Emmanuel Levinas is the philosopherof suffering as such: a suffering withoutregard for its causes and justifications thatis manifested to the I in its encounter,``beyond being', with the face of the Other. ``Ethics as first philosophy', however,subsequently passes over to justice in Levinas'thought, and this means that it passes througha violence that is very much in being. The movement from ethics to justice revealswhat this essay calls ``the problem of thepassage'. Using the thought of Levinas as itspoint of departure, the essay attempts touncover this problem in all of its profundity. A characteristic of all thinking in the Westernphilosophical tradition, the passage fromA to B is best understood as a mode ofthinking that clings to the passage assuch – in the form of ``A B' – as itsown special way of persisting in being. At thesame time, however, this means that ethicscannot support or comfort justice withoutdevouring itself, which is to say the self that both ethics and justice seem torequire.     

气候保护和环境正义——气候保护的国际法律框架和发展中国家的参与模式

气候保护国际法律框架的公正性是发展中国家积极参与国际气候保护合作的一个重要前提条件。"人均平等排放权"原则作为分配减排义务的原则在法律上符合正义原则。这一原则应作为评价发展中国家在未来的气候保护法律框架中应承担的义务模式的标准。     

环境管理机关公益诉讼原告资格理论与实践之辨

环境公益诉讼是保护环境的利器,它对于改善环境起到的积极作用是毋庸置疑的.但是学界以及司法实践对于何为环境公益诉讼的适格原告一直存在争议,随着新《民事诉讼法》的颁布施行,关于公益诉讼原告资格的争论更是甚嚣尘上,其中,对环境行政管理机关原告资格的分歧尤甚.笔者认为,质疑的根本原因在于没有厘清环境行政执法与环境公益诉讼的关系,再加之对环境行政管理部门的单一功能定位,使得对环境管理机关作为适格原告有诸多误解.本文沿此思路,通过理论与实践的辨析,试图解决此问题.     

公民参与司法:理论、实践及改革——以刑事司法为中心的考察

当前推进公民有序参与司法成为我国司法改革的一项重要内容。相较依靠群众原则,公民参与司法这一表述更能体现参与主体的广泛性和主动性。公民参与司法具有参与主体的外部性、参与客体的公共性以及参与程度的实质性等特点,并呈现出社会参与、专家参与、由参与审判到参与整个诉讼活动的发展趋势。其功能则体现为协助司法、制约权力、监督权力等方面。公民参与司法对司法公正、司法民主、司法公信力以及司法能力都具有促进作用。推进公民参与司法应当注重参与的规范性与有效性。我国传统的法律制度安排对公民参与司法重视不足,未来应当以参与的规范性与有效性为基点,在侦查、起诉、审判、执行等领域全面推进公民参与,构建有中国特色的公民参与司法制度。     

试论俄罗斯不批准《京都议定书》的原因和法律后果——以《气候变化框架公约》第九次缔约方会议为例

在<气候变化框架公约>第九次缔约方会议上,由于俄罗斯仍然拒绝批准<京都议定书>,致使议定书仍不能生效.俄罗斯拒绝批准议定书的主要原因是本国的"经济效益"重于温室效应.虽然俄罗斯不批准议定书的行为,未构成国际不当行为,从而无须承担国际责任,但该行为在很大程度上与国际法的诚意原则的基本精神相抵触,是国际社会所公认的国际背信行为.     

Convergence in British Cultural Policy: The Social,the Cultural,and the Economic

It is increasingly the case that cultural policy at all levels of governance is expected to address a suite of concerns much broader than those traditionally associated with the arts and creative practice. Indeed, in many nations, including most notably Britain, the concerns of cultural policy now embrace the economic and the social, as well as the cultural. In Britain, this convergence is occurring as part of a broader policy concern to ameliorate social exclusion by providing people with opportunities to participate in the creative economy. Drawing on the findings of a major study of the factors shaping cultural policy internationally, this article identifies and maps the priorities, key intersections, and convergences associated with these priorities in British cultural policy. The article argues that, in spite of taking different forms and having varying emphases depending on the constituency and the level of governance involved, the convergence agenda currently dominating British cultural policy is nevertheless remarkably consistent in terms of the discourses surrounding culture, the remit of the cultural sphere, and strategic policy implementation.     

效率与公平、合理及公正的平衡——试论行政过程中的行政自由裁量的价值定位

现代社会随着行政权日益向传统的立法、司法领域扩展,作为行政权核心的行政自由裁量权对公民权益的影响也越来越大。传统观点认为效率是行政自由裁量权主要或唯一的价值取向。本文认为,在现代社会,应确定效率与公平合理、公正的平衡的价值定位,进而建立效率与公平合理、公正的平衡的机制,以促进行政自由裁量权的正确行使。     

环境法侵害排除和排除危害制度--从美、日、德相关诉讼制度的视角

美、日、德法院可以依据环境法适用侵害排除和排除危害责任。该适用大概分为两个阶段,即法律对危害事实存在的不合法性判断,以及法院对环境危害的不合理性判断。但我国环境法在侵害排除和排除危害制度方面存在缺失和不足,为完善我国侵害排除和排除危害制度,污染防治法应确认受害者、检察机关和环保公益性组织的排除危害请求权。     

水污染治理的环境法律观念更新与机制创新——从滇池污染治理个案出发

近年来我国频繁发生水污染事故,已经引起国人充分关注。国家和社会非常重视水污染的法律治理,但收效甚微。在数十年中已经出台了数个法律文件治理滇池流域水污染,修改后的《滇池保护条例》也在很多方面有了进步,但治理效果仍不明显。我们不能仅仅关注具体法律制度上的改进,还要进一步反思自然环境自身的许多特性,在此基础上进行环境法律观念的更新与法律机制的创新。环境法律要回归法律血统,建立全面的流域管理机制,还要整合部门权力,重视发挥公众参与在水污染治理中的特殊作用。     

我国环境检察预防性机制建构的价值与路径

建立环境检察预防性机制应以法治原则、能动性原则、谦抑性原则为基本原则,重点突出检察机关在环境检察预防机制中的主体机能,构建事前预防和事后救济一体化的二元机制。一方面,需要对环境检察有关的法律法规进行规范管理,明确具体内容,从立法角度确定环境检察预防性机制的适用对象;另一方面,构建检察机关与其他部门的合作机制,包括与企业等非权力部门的合作机制,亦包括与海洋、渔政、农林、公安等行政机关的合作机制。