马克思恩格斯意识形态批判及其意义——《德意志意识形态》中的意识形态批判思想

“从天上降到人间”是德意志意识形态虚假性的根源,正确理解意识形态产生发展过程及其实践意义的思考路径是“从人间到天国”;意识形态具有阶级性和历史性,对德意志意识形态的批判是消灭旧世界、发现新世界的重要理论支点.马克思恩格斯关于德意志意识形态批判的论述和思想,对当前我国意识形态的维护与发展以及文化建设有重要的指导意义.     

从黑格尔到马克思:世界历史理论的发展与嬗变

通过对黑格尔和马克思世界历史理论的分析、考察和比较,可以发现黑格尔的世界历史理论对马克思产生了很大的影响。马克思继承了黑格尔世界历史理论的合理内核,但同时,马克思依据近代资本主义的历史现实,站在无产阶级的立场,在唯物史观的基础上对黑格尔的世界历史理论进行了革命性的变革,赋予世界历史理论以新的内容,从而使世界历史理论第一次真正变成了科学。     

Hegel,Habermas and the Spirit of Critical Theory

Abstract

This paper explores the complex relation between Hegel and Habermas. Centring the discussion around the key themes of philosophy, modernity and political philosophy, it argues for a gradual re-approachment of Habermas towards Hegel. In the final section on critical theory, it takes up the question of the spirit of this theory to offer a more trenchant critique of Habermas' theoretical short coming from this perspective.     

The Embedded Market and Ideology Critique

Abstract

When the Global Financial Crisis hit, major political economists were able to boast that they had long warned that "crazy times" were coming. By contrast, leading sociologists seem to have been wrong footed. Totalizing narratives of a new "risk society", "second modernity" and the like appeared to have sacrificed the grounds for weighing up the costs and damages of contemporary capitalism. Made famous by Karl Polanyi, the concept of the embedded market suggests a differentiated diagnosis of our times that should allow sociology to re-enter the discussion as a critic of an ideological attempt to block public discussions about losses and dam ages of contemporary capitalism. The following paper will explore several readings of this concept and will evaluate their capacity to revive sociology's critical powers.     

From Critique to Reconstruction: On Axel Honneth's Theory of Recognition and its Critical Potential

Abstract

This paper aims to analyse Axel Honneth's theory of recognition by focusing on two distinct methodological approaches present in it, namely, critique and reconstruction. The critical moment in Honneth's theory of recognition is articulated around two concepts: world-disclosing critique, which is based on the attempt to suggest new and provocative points of view on social reality through the usage of rhetorical devices; and misrecognition, as the empirical starting-point for the theoretical model. These two notions, which can be traced back to Adorno and the so called "first generation" of the Frankfurt School, are interpreted as the mainlines of the diagnostic moment in Honneth's critical theory, as they provide an effective analytical insight into the reality of social suffering. Furthermore, they represent the basic fundament upon which the second level, reconstruction, is articulated. By bringing to light the core aspects of social interaction, they provide the initial clues for the development of the normative framework of recognition, the formal idea of a "good life". The final part of the paper argues that such an interpretation of Honneth's theory of recognition helps to overcome some of its most problematic aspects and thus to deepen its critical potential.     

意识形态转型:从政治意识形态到科技意识形态

在西方发达工业社会,意识形态发生了转型,科学技术成为了意识形态。科技意识形态与政治意识形态在理性基础、特点、运行机制、功能等方面不同。科技意识形态的产生对传统历史唯物主义意识形态理论造成了巨大的冲击和挑战,要求历史唯物主义做出回应。面对冲击和挑战,必须实现对马克思文本从知识论向生存论的重新解读。     

卢卡契对马列典型理论的新贡献

马列主义典型理论,历来是衡量优秀文学的标尺。但是,在相当长的历史时期,人们对这个标尺的认识,仅停留在个性与共性,独特性与普遍性相统一这个层面,鲜有更深入的探讨。卢卡契指出,典型的基础是人物的智慧风貌。清晰的智慧风貌是塑造典型的基本手段,也是结构作品的主要手法,更是完整反映的主要途径。清晰的智慧风貌的描绘是文学不朽的基础,缺乏这方面力度的作品,则是文学性衰败的象征,这一观点给马列经典理论输入了新血液,具有极大的意义与价值。     

A Critique of the Universalisability of Critical Human Rights Theory: The Displacement of Immanuel Kant

While the critically oriented writings of Immanuel Kant remain the key theoretical grounds from which universalists challenge reduction of international rights law and protection to the practical particularities of sovereign states, Kant’s theory can be read as also a crucial argument for a human rights regime ordered around sovereign states and citizens. Consequently, universalists may be tempted to push Kant’s thinking to greater critical examination of ‘the human’ and its properties. However, such a move to more theoretical rigour in critique only solidifies the subversive statism of Kant’s apparent universalism, as long as it remains embedded in his prior theory of critical philosophy that privileges a singular form of reason. Universalist theories of human rights can break with this contradiction only insofar as they also displace the right to philosophy from the subject and site of ‘civil’ man to a politics of theory where no such subject or site is guaranteed.     

阿尔都塞的意识形态学说

阿尔都塞在"科学与意识形态对立"的基础上建立了一种非常极端的意识形态学说.他认为,意识形态是永恒的、无意识的、非工具的、"主体性"的,意识形态并不是对现实的真实反映,而是对现实的情感体验和想象,意识形态通过一定的物质手段(意识形态国家机器)成为统治权力运行的两大基本形式之一.阿尔都塞的意识形态学说至今仍然是西方最有影响的意识形态理论之一.     

Hope and Critical Theory

Abstract

In the first part of the paper I consider the relative neglect of hope in the tradition of critical theory. I attribute this neglect to a low estimation of the cognitive, aesthetic, and moral value of hope, and to the strong—but, argue, contingent—association that holds between hope and religion. I then distinguish three strategies for thinking about the justification of social hope; one which appeals to a notion of unfulfilled or frustrated natural human capacities, another which invokes a providential order, and a third which questions the very appropriateness of justification, turning instead to a notion of ungroundable hope. Different senses of ungroundable hope are distinguished and by way of conclusion I briefly consider their relevance for the project of critique today.     

马克思恩格斯的廉政思想

反腐倡廉问题关系到马克思主义政党和社会主义的前途命运。马克思恩格斯在创立和发展科学社会主义的过程中,在指导无产阶级政党的建设中,在关注巴黎公社革命特别是总结巴黎公社的经验教训中,对无产阶级政党和国家要反对腐败和实行廉洁政治的问题做了深刻论述,形成了反腐倡廉的基本思想。其基本观点是：腐败产生的根源是私有制,铲除腐败的根本途径在于消灭私有制,建立公有制;无产阶级政党的本性是大公无私的,无产阶级政权应当是廉价政府;由于党内外各种因素的影响,无产阶级政党内部也会出现不正之风和腐败现象,必须同不正之风和腐败现象作斗争;无产阶级取得政权以后要防止国家机关和公职人员由“社会公仆”变为“社会主人”。尽管马克思恩格斯对无产阶级政党和国家反腐倡廉建设只是提出一些大的原则和思路,却为后来马克思主义政党建设特别是马克思主义执政党的反腐倡廉建设奠定了思想理论基础。     

中国马克思学:哲学抑或科学

创建中国马克思学是推进当代中国马克思主义哲学研究的主要路径,体现着当代中国马克思主义哲学研究向学术化方向发展的一种趋势。在学科定位上,中国马克思学应当是一门实验科学,具有可证伪性。中国马克思学研究者应以科学理性的态度对待国际马克思文献学的研究成果。     

解读马克思人的解放理论

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《德意志意识形态》中蕴涵了很多马克思关于人的解放的思想。着重从人的解放理论出发,结合著作中具体的理论观点加以分析,并结合自己的理解进行解读。从分析工人的现状、异化劳动、分工等学说提出人的解放的重要性,然后通过研究工人的现状从中发现造成工人悲惨状况的原因。最后提出一些实现人的解放的途径,这也是最重要的一点,理论与实践相结合,找出解决的方法与途径。