共查询到3条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Pier Paolo Patrucco 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2008,33(6):579-599
Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good when it is the outcome of the integration between internal
to the firm investments in R&D and learning and the absorption of competencies and technologies provided by external organizations
(such as, other firms, universities, R&D centers). Technological communication is a crucial strategy in such dynamic interaction
between the firm and the system. Only under effective conditions of technological communication the private and social benefits
derived from the exploitation of spillovers are higher than the private losses due to partial inappropriability. The article
presents a simple microeconomic framework to understand knowledge production and distribution, integrating the effects and
conditions of technological communication within a knowledge production function. The interaction between internal investments
in R&D and learning, partial inappropriability, the conditions for the access to external knowledge and the exploitation of
spillovers explains increasing returns in the production of knowledge.
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Pier Paolo PatruccoEmail: |
2.
Mark Lehrer 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(3):277-296
The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo”
innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage
of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks
(1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation.
A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks
in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research
institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research
institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national
innovation system.
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3.
Cristiano Antonelli 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2008,33(1):1-22
University is becoming a cornerstone of the new emerging mode of governance of the generation and dissemination of knowledge
as it reveals remarkable institutional advantages both in providing a solution to the knowledge trade-off and in reducing
agency costs. The typical academic labor relationship emerges as an appropriate institutional device to handle the principal-agent
problems when creative talents are required. The unique quasi-hierarchical setup of the academic system creates a supply of
certified skills that are ready to operate on a professional basis. Such academic consultants can be paid on an ex-post per
job basis matching only their variable costs. This supply leads to the creation of a specific market for research services
where the demand is provided by the knowledge outsourcing of corporations. For this system to work effectively the non-exclusivity
of intellectual property rights on the results of the research performed under contract is necessary. Non-exclusivity in academic
employment relations should parallel non-exclusivity in knowledge ownership.
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Cristiano AntonelliEmail: |