论村规民约规定与实施处罚的法理正当性

作为村民自治的产物,村规民约实践中较为普遍地存在规定和实施处罚的情形,这一直是一个令许多学者倍感疑惑的问题。就村民自治的内在逻辑而言,村规民约规定和实施处罚,具有法理上的正当性,尽管这并不意味着其可以任意地规定或实施处罚。其一,村民自治是一种民主的实践,而强制则是民主政治实践的内在的构成性因素之一。其二,村民自治固然是村民公民权利的运用,但权利并不是单纯消极性的,它在一定条件下就是权力,即,村民自治权力,它是管辖村级公共事务并能够作出强制性安排的一种公共权力。其三,观察和思考权力时,不能有意识地区分权力的存有与权力的运用两个层面,这是我们常常不能接受村规民约规定和实施处罚现象的重要原因。当然,这种区分的视角也提醒我们,接受处罚权力的存在正当性,并不是问题的完结,而恰恰是我们进一步深思明辨权力运用规则的开始。     

The Relative Resilience of Property: First Possession and Order Without Law in East Timor

Much of the recent literature on customary property relations in sub‐Saharan Africa has highlighted underlying characteristics of negotiability and indeterminacy. Custom is prone to reinvention as resource claimants manipulate customary references across multiple forums for property legitimation and authority. This article focuses on the resilience of customary property relations in East Timor. Based on a study of customary authority in the village of Babulo, we conclude that traditional Timorese narratives of first possession, where land authority is claimed by groups that trace descent to a mythic first settler, have acted as adaptive and resilient focal points for the reproduction of customary property relations in historical circumstances of war, colonization, and occupation. While a finding of customary resilience is not new to postcolonial contexts, the relative novelty of our study lies in its structured explanation for resilience in circumstances of war and displacement, based on the social ordering capacity of first possession principles themselves. This explanation, which derives from focal point theories for cooperative property relations, also takes into account a number of limits on the ordering capacity of first possession principles, which support a conclusion of relative or constrained resilience, particularly in terms of contested interpretations of possessory authority in contemporary East Timor.     

教材写作及东西方著作权法有关规定之比较

纵观世界各国的著作权法,不外以下功能,一是通过保护作者因创作作品而产生的财产权和人身权,鼓励作者的创作积极性;二是通过鼓励优秀作品的交流、传播,促进科学和文化的发展,最终起到提高全社会文化素质,尤其是推动社会教育事业发展的作用.但作者对其作品享有著作权,与公众享有受教育、获取知识和了解世界的权利在一定意义上却又是一对矛盾.     

法律救济的规则选择:财产规则、责任规则与卡梅框架的法律经济学重构

法律经济学上的"卡-梅框架",是从法益保护的效果模式出发,对法律规则做出的一个类型划分。其原初结构是以法益的转移自由和定价意愿为标准划分的"财产规则"、"责任规则"和"禁易规则"。通过引入法益的初始归属和限价方式两个新的划分标准,可以增添"管制规则"和"无为规则"两个新的类型,扩展和重构"卡-梅框架"的救济分类和规则结构。这五类规则构成了法律经济学上可供选择的一个"规则菜单"。一个社会在特定领域的规则选择,对应着国家权力干涉社会生活的不同程度,体现了法律背后的观念变化和权力博弈。对于法律救济规则分类与效率比较的理论研究,有助于深化对中国现行法律的学术理解和制度完善。     

Introduction to the special issue on the importance of Simple Rules for a Complex World

European Journal of Law and Economics -     

城市房屋产权的保护：责任规则、财产规则与管制性征收

《征收条例》实现了房屋产权保护方式从“责任规则”到“财产规则”的转变,提高了文本意义上的产权保护水平,但《征收条例》下被征收入的福利水平和社会福利水平的提高都面临着不确定性,要取决于政府的行为。事实上,《征收务例》的实施在一定程度上激励政府采取管制性征收的方式获得房屋产权,使得被征收入的利益受到更大的侵害。因此要从政府、法院、被征收入等多方面着力才能促进实现“高补偿、低交易成本”的征收最优状态。     

Rules and Speeches: How Parliamentary Rules Affect Legislators' Speech‐Making Behavior

By extending existing theories of legislative speech making, this study explores the importance of parliamentary rules governing floor debates for government and opposition parties. An original data set including speeches of members of the Italian Chamber of Deputies between 2001 and 2006 is used to test two hypotheses under different institutional scenarios, that is, rules either restricting or granting open access to the floor. Parliamentary rules are found to affect allocation of speaking time within both governing and opposition parties. Governing parties' leaders exploit their agenda control to a higher degree when allocating speaking time. Under restrictive rules, government party leaders control their MPs by essentially limiting the number of speeches and allocating them to frontbenchers. Restrictive rules give opposition party leaders an important chance to select MPs who are closer to their own position.     

Post‐Sovereignty and the European Legal Space

The political constitution of the European polity has become strained in recent years by insistent pressures on its institutional capacity to resolve social problems. The article examines the EU's polity crisis in the context of the development of a distinctive modern conception of secular constitutional authority, focused on the ideal of sovereign self‐determination. As the work of Neil MacCormick illustrates, the EU provides a radical challenge to the on‐going capacity of the concept of sovereignty to provide a framework to address problems of legitimacy. The article explores the nature of this challenge, its historical context and its consequences with reference to debates over the nature of constitutional pluralism. It sets out a path to the renewal of the European constitutional debate through a re‐consideration of secular constitutional authority and the necessity of its connection to the idea of sovereignty. The article seeks to re‐engage in the task of ‘questioning sovereignty’.     

论民事习惯的法律地位及其立法思考

习惯与习惯法在本质上具有统一性,即它们虽然与国家法一起规范着人们的行为,维护着社会秩序,但其本质都不是国家法,而是一种"规范".民事习惯作为本土资源中重要的一部分,在立法过程中应该引起我们的足够重视.首先我们应该在全国范围内进行广泛的民事习惯调查,并在此基础上鉴别优劣.我们在选择民事习惯时,应该选择其中具有一定通行性、实用性、代表生产力发展方向、又不与现行法及善良风俗之观念相冲突的民事习惯.     

民间金融的法律评判及规制路径

民间金融的存在和发展具有其应然合法性和实然合法性。倘若脱离民间金融所生存和发展的具体语境,单纯从国家法一元化视角出发去讨论民间金融的合法或者非法,都是有失偏颇的。从国家法与民间法二元结构体系看,那些在国家法层面被认定为非法的民间金融活动,在民间法层面并不当然丧失其合法性。因此,对民间金融必须立足于国家法与民间法二元结构的分析视角来加以考察,并通过适当的制度选择实现对其发展的规制和引导,而不是不加区别地一律予以打压和限制。     

Principles, Values, and Rules in Legal Decision-Making and the Dimensions of Legal Rationality

Abstract. The author singles out various conceptions of rationality used in practical legal discourse: formal and substantive rationality, instrumental goal- and means-rationality, communicative rationality. Practical rationality is expressed in decisions justified by epistemic and axiological premises according to the rules of justificatory reasoning. Five levels of analysis of this justification are identified. Rules, principles and evaluations are used as justifying arguments and their characteristics determine the dimensions of rationality of decision depending on the features of rules, various conceptions of principles, and kinds of relativisation of evaluations. The dimensions of legal rationality depend mainly on three singled out conceptions of rationality, i.e., formal rationality dealing with the deep structure of justification, instrumentally oriented rationality as content of justifiability, and communicative rationality linked with the pragmatics of human interaction. Legitimacy, according to the presented analysis, appears as a subclass of external justification dealing with axiological premisses in terms of instrumental rationality and/or communicative rationality.     

由偏激到中肯:公司法定资本制价值之重估

通说对公司法定资本制的定义停留在了资本形成阶段,事实上,法定资本制贯穿于整个公司设立和运行全程.法定资本制并非如某些学者所描述的那样完全昂贵且无实益,其具有多方面的重要功能.以合同法或其他手段作为法定资本制的替代性措施,根本无法独立承担债权人保护的重任.     

Legal Consciousness of Undocumented Latinos: Fear and Stigma as Barriers to Claims‐Making for First‐ and 1.5‐Generation Immigrants

This article examines the legal consciousness and incorporation experiences of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Although this population may be disaggregated along several axes, one central distinction among them is their age at migration. Those who migrated as adults live out their daily lives in different social contexts than those who migrated as children. Therefore, although all undocumented immigrants are legally banned, their identities, sense of belonging, and interpretation of their status vary. Based on ethnographic observations and in‐depth interviews of Latino undocumented immigrants from 2001 to 2010, I examine how illegality is experienced differently by social position. The findings suggest that the role of life‐stage at migration and work‐versus‐school contexts importantly inform immigrants' legal consciousness. Fear predominates in the legal consciousness of first‐generation undocumented immigrants, while the legal consciousness of the 1.5 generation is more heavily infused with stigma. Fear and stigma are both barriers to claims‐making, but they may affect undocumented immigrants' potential for collective mobilization in different ways.     

论虚拟财产及其法律保护

进入21世纪以来,随着现代信息网络技术的迅猛发展,互联网络开始走入并深深地影响着人们的生活,同时,虚拟财产也进入人们的视野。由于人们对虚拟财产的法律属性认识不一,产生了大量法律纠纷,影响了社会秩序,损害了当事人的权益。剖析虚拟财产的属性,选择适当立法模式,为虚拟财产提供及时有效的法律保护,有着较强的实践意义。