Plea bargaining: An organizational perspective

A microlevel analysis of factors affecting the decision to plead guilty in felony trial courts in Chicago in 1972 and 1973 is presented. The court system is viewed from an organizational perspective, and guilty pleas are analyzed in light of the court's overall design for disposing of its workload. Operational definitions of the concepts introduced are presented, and multiple regression is used to analyze some of the hypothesized relationships. The implications of the findings, from an organizational perspective and for some of the issues of plea bargaining, are discussed.     

Plea bargaining with budgetary constraints

In this paper, we construct a simple model that illustrates a perverse effect associated with plea bargaining in which an increase in sanctions can lead to reduced deterrence. This finding is derived from the interaction of binding budgetary constraints and plea bargaining. In an environment with these institutional features, higher sanctions are not always optimal when resources are limited, even if such sanctions are costless. Such potential phenomena may be useful in explaining the fact that many states have introduced limitations on plea bargaining. Prosecutors being concerned with their conviction rates is necessary for such a result to be present.     

Plea bargaining and deterrence: An institutional approach

Previous economic analyses of plea bargaining have largely ignored its impact on the deterrence of crime. Instead, they have focused on the bargaining between a defendant and a prosecutor once a crime has been committed. This article remedies this deficiency by asking how the practice of plea bargaining influences the determination of criminal punishment and thereby the supply of crime by rational offenders. The key question examined is, how do the ex post objectives of prosecutors affect the ability of legislatures to implement criminal punishments aimed at achieving optimal deterrence? Various prosecutorial objectives are considered in answering this question.     

统一司法考试对中国司法体制的影响

一、概述 众所周知,我国现行的司法体制构建于计划经济时代,在机构设置、职权划分、人财物管理、工作机制、诉讼程序及管理制度等方面有许多不完善、不科学之处,存在不少的弊端。这些弊端的存在,对外而言,使司法机关无法摆脱地方主义和部门保护主义的影响,最终导致本应作为中央权力的司法权分散化和地方化,司法的统一性受到破坏,司法权威受到损害;对内而言,不符合司法权运行的特殊规律,司法行政化倾向明显,严重影响了司法的公正与效率,同样也使司法权威受     

Plea bargaining and appraisals of eyewitness evidence by prosecutors and defense attorneys

A sample of defense attorneys and prosecutors from matched California counties participated in a two-part study. Study 1A reports the results of a survey regarding how influential each of the 17 eyewitness factors is in affecting the accuracy of real eyewitness identifications. Generally, both attorney groups considered all eyewitness factors to be influential; on only 6 of the 17 factors were defense attorneys more likely than prosecutors to provide higher importance ratings. In Study 1B, the attorneys answered questions regarding their willingness to plea bargain after reading each of four scenarios in which (1) same- versus cross-race identification and (2) whether the perpetrator was familiar were experimentally manipulated. Both eyewitness factors influenced plea bargaining decisions, and effects were generally consistent for both attorney groups. Results confirm that plea bargaining decisions at least by defense attorneys are made ‘in the shadow of the trial,’ and that appraisals of the strength of eyewitness evidence play a significant role in these decisions.     

司法官遴选制度探微

现代法治国家一般都建立起了严格的司法官遴选制度 ,大体可分为三种模式。这三种模式各有其特色 ,我国司法官遴选制度存在着一定的问题 ,应予以改革。     

Psychologists and the judicial system

This article traces the rise, fall, and current ambivalence in the use of social science data and psychological experts by the legal system. Several reasons are discussed for the less than perfect marriage between psychology and the law: normative philosophy of constitutional adjudication; overriding principles of the rules of evidence; irrelevancy to the courts of much of social science research; seduction of psychologists by attorneys who persuade experts to testify as advocates for a particular position rather than as objective scientists. These problems are placed in legal and ethical frame-work and suggestions for remediation of these problems are offered.     

芬兰司法制度概况及启示

一、审判制度 芬兰的法院有两个相对独立的系统,两套体制。一是普通法院系统;二是行政法院系统。芬兰普通法院由地方法院、上诉法院和最高法院组成。最高法院有22名法官,上诉法院有154名法官,地方法院有457名法官。行政法院由地方行政法院和最高行政法院组成。最高行政法院有25名法官,地方行政法院有122名法官。另外,芬兰还设有特别法庭,包括土地权利法庭、水权益法庭及其上诉法庭、劳动法庭、保险法庭和市场法庭。 法官的选拔分两种情况。最高法院法官职位有空缺时,向社会公开公布。任何法官有兴趣,都可以申请,由最高法     

论司法公正与司法体制改革

党的十六大明确提出,社会主义司法制度必须保障在全社会实现公平和正义。这既是建设社会主义政治文明的重要内容,更是推进司法体制改革的目标和任务。它对于维护司法公正,遏制司法腐败,促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展,全面建设小康社会,实现国家长治久安具有十分重要的意义。     

创新司法鉴定制度保障司法效率与公正——在司法部司法鉴定高级研讨班上的讲话摘要

同志们,新世纪的第一个春天里,我们在杭州举办司法鉴定高级研讨班,共同研讨司法鉴定制度与创新,我认为是非常有意义的。 这次高级研讨班是继去年8月以后,司法部在推动面向社会服务的司法鉴定管理工作上的又一次大的举措。研讨班的任务可以用20个字来概括,即统一认识、明确职责、扎实工作、努力创新、逐步完善。没有统一的认识,工作产生不了动力,形成不了声势;没有明确的职责,工作定     

英国司法体制概述

英国是位于欧洲西部的岛国,由大不列颠岛(包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士)及北爱尔兰岛东北部和一些小岛组成。 英国的政体为君主立宪制,且是议会君主立宪制。国王是英国的象征和国家元首、最高司法长官、武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”。议会是最高司法和立法机构,由国王、上院和下院组成。政府实行责任内阁制。由女王任命在议会选举中获多数席位的政党领袖出任首相并组阁,向议会负责。尽管英国是一个统一的中央集权的国家,但没有全国统一的司法体制,这是英国司法体制的一大特点。英国的司法体制分成3个系统:英格兰与威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。     

俄罗斯司法体制概述

俄罗斯全称俄罗斯联邦,它是1991年12月以后由原来的苏维埃社会主义国家联盟中“俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义联邦共和国”更名而来。俄罗斯实行三权分立,司法权由法院行使,其他参与司法活动的机关,如司法部、内务部、检察院、联邦安全局、联邦保卫局、联邦边防局、对外情报局、国家海关委员会、联邦税务警察局以及律师组织等统称为“护法机关”。检察机关作为一种特殊的国家机关,与法院的关系密切。由于目前俄罗斯的司法制度正处于改革与完善之中,许多重要的司法制度和司法原则还没有定型。     

日本司法体制

日本是实行典型的三权分立的国家,国家司法权由最高法院和下级法院行使。但司法制度指的不仅是与法院有关的制度,还包括检察制度、律师制度、警察制度等。检察机构是设在法务省内的行政机关,警察由国家公安委员会、警察厅长领导,律师是独立的,归律师联合会管理。司法警察受检察机关的指挥,刑事犯罪的侦查、对嫌疑犯的逮捕由司法警察实施。律师在诉讼过程中与法院、检察机关的地位平等。     

简述德国司法制度

德国实行联邦制,全国划分为联邦、州、地区三级,联邦和各州均有自己的立法机构、行政机构及司法机构,并根据《德意志联邦共和国基本法》之规定履行各自权力。一、审判制度 (一)德国法院的设置、管辖和审级。 德国主要设有六类法院:即宪法法院、普通法院(包括专利法院)、行政法院、财政法院、劳工法院、社会福利法院。此外还设置有纪律法院。1、宪法法院。德国设有联邦和州两级宪法法院。两     

反“黑”特别司法制度研究

追求程序正义是我们时代的要求，一个国家的程序正义能否实现，关键看该国的刑事司法制度。保障人权，严格依法办案是刑事司法的基本原则。黑社会犯罪作为有组织犯罪的最高形态，世界各国深受其害，都在加强对此类犯罪的打击力度，然而，在加强“刑事司法的保护功能同时，又势必对刑事司法的保障功能带来不利影响”，真可谓“鱼与熊掌不可得……     

On the theoretical basis for plea bargaining system

Before discussing the introduction of the plea bargaining system to China’s criminal justice system, it is necessary to study its theoretical basis. Among which, the following aspects should be focused on: the philosophical viewpoint of pragmatism is its thinking basis; the concept of contract is its cultural basis; the structure form of adversary procedure is its systematic basis; and the system of right to silence and discovery of evidence are its symbiotic basis. __________ Translated from Tribune of Political Science and Law, 2002, (6) (in Chinese)     

国外司法鉴定制度

一、国外司法鉴定管理体制及特点 (一)国外司法鉴定管理体制 1、英国。在管理主体架构上,英国司法鉴定统一管理机构是由内政部、检察院、警察局共同成立的法庭科学管理委员会,负责对全国司法鉴定工作进行指导。该委员会设在内政部,独立于警察、检察机构。英国内政部具体负责一些管理工作。如对英格兰和威尔士鉴定科学服务局进行政策指导。在管理内容上,英国虽无鉴定人资格统一的考试考核制度,但英国内政部掌握着一大批由行业协会推荐的专家名     

完善诉讼程序推进司法体制改革——中国法学会诉讼法学研究会2003年年会综述

中国法学会诉讼法学研究会2003年年会于2003年12月13日至17日在南宁市召开。与会代表360余人,收到专业论文约180余篇。中国法学会会长韩杼滨、最高人民检察院副检察长孙谦、中国法学会诉讼法学研究会会长陈光中、最高人民法院刑二庭庭长兼司法改革办公室副主任熊选国、全国人大法工委刑法室副主任王尚新、司法部研究室副主任王公义以及广西区领导出席了会议。 会议总议题为:完善诉讼程序,推进司法体制改革——结合三大诉讼法典的修改。一、刑事诉讼法学围绕以下几个分