习惯性规则的法治意义

习惯性规则是人类社会需求的产物,是关系密切群体为了追求社会福利最大化和交往成本最小化的目的而逐渐形成的一种行为规范和秩序安排.与人类社会共存的习惯规则和习惯权利,具有丰富的法治意蕴,它具有独立存在的价值,是法律和法律权利的前身,是法律的合法性基础和评价性标准,是法律的权威性内容.习惯性规则在人类社会中发挥着极其重要的利益调整和纠纷解决作用,维系着政治、经济和文化秩序,成为人类社会不可或缺的社会治理工具.     

法律行为的法技术意义

法律行为是大陆法系民法中的一个重要概念,作为法技术的拟制物,它在法技术上具有特别的意义。它是法律概念体系的一环,它是法律价值的载体,它还是法律规范的中介。此外,它通过意思表示为确定私法自治的行为提供了分析工具。     

Keeping the Law Up to Date: The Idiom of Legalism and the Reform of Administrative Law in England and Wales

The political effectiveness of legal expertise in the United States has rested on the ability of a peak association to present itself as representing the opinion of the profession as a whole. It has also relied on a broad epistemology in which lawyers claim to know the right thing to do. However, the effectiveness and placement of such expertise is a comparative issue. This article argues that organizations other than peak associations can muster the support required for legitimacy in the modem state. The legal profession's epistemology could lead it to narrow rather than broaden its claims in order to effectively claim expertise in something. The ability of the central state to shape a profession's mandate and to reject its advice will also influence the deployment of legal expertise. The article explores these issues in the context of the reform of administrative law in England and Wales. In England and Wales, an expertise-based commission mimicked the processes expected of a peak association. In anticipation of rejection by the central administration, it constrained rather than broadened its policy recommendations.     

商标法中超过争议期限的在先权保护问题研究

2009年《最高人民法院关于当前经济形势下知识产权审判服务大局若干问题的意见》第9条规定,与他在先权相冲突的注册商标,因超过争议期限而不可撤销的,在先权利人在诉讼时效内可提起侵权诉讼,但法院不再判决承担停止使用该注册商标的民事责任。然而,保护在先权不应是绝对的。商标权人恶意注册情况下,应适用＂欺诈毁灭一切＂原则保护在先权;若注册无恶意,法院则应当在利益平衡、保护在先权利原则的引导下个案分析。     

比较法对国际私法的意义——以国际私法的适用、研究和法典编纂为视角

国际私法的对象的涉外性意味着它与两个或两个以上国家的法律体系均有联系.较之其他法律部门,国际私法的适用更需要运用比较法方法进行实体法的比较和冲突法的比较;比起其他法学分支,国际私法的研究更需要运用比较法方法,以探究不同法系的异同和各种方法的特点;国际私法规则的国内立法和国际统一也离不开比较法.本文以国际私法的适用、研究和法典编纂为视角,阐述了比较法对国际私法的重要意义,以及对中国未来的国际私法立法、司法和理论研究的启示.     

The Quiet‐Loud‐Quiet Politics of Post‐Crisis Consumer Bankruptcy Law: The Case of Ireland and the Troika

A decade after the Global Financial Crisis, many developed economies continue to strain under excessive household debt. This article presents evidence suggesting that the failure of policymakers to enact debt relief measures may lie in the superior influence of the coordinated and concentrated financial sector over legislative processes, as compared to the diffuse and disorganised interests of consumer debtors. Post‐crisis popular interest in technical issues of personal insolvency law created only a narrow space of political opportunity. Soon these questions returned to the domain of technocratic actors and corporate influence. The article examines this situation through an inter‐disciplinary case study of consumer bankruptcy reform in Ireland under ‘Troika’ supervision. Proposals initially billed as assisting over‐indebted households developed into increasingly creditor‐friendly legislation in ‘quieter’ stages of technocratic decision‐making. The stark implications of these findings highlight obstacles to resolving household debt problems and consequent risks of economic and political instability.     

Street‐Level Tort Law: The Bureaucratic Justice of Liability Decision‐Making

Most legal scholarship on tort focuses primarily on judicial decisions, but this represents only a limited aspect of tortious liability. The vast majority of decisions concerning tortious liability are made by bureaucrats. Unavoidably then, there are two tiers of justice in tort law. This article focuses on the lower tier – bureaucratic decision‐making – arguing that the justice of bureaucratic decisions on tort should be considered on its own terms and not by judicial standards. We develop the notion of bureaucratic justice, applying a normative framework originally set out in relation to public administration. This enables an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of different ways of bureaucratically determining liability claims in tort. The regimes discussed concern the liability of public authorities, but decision makers comprise both state and non‐state actors and the bureaucratic justice framework is, in principle, applicable to understand and evaluate the liability of both public and private actors.     

环境法学理论的要点和意义

文章分析了关于调整人与自然关系的环境法学理论的意义和作用 ,认为该理论是说明环境法的本质、特点和规律的理论 ,是对环境法的长远发展、总体发展起指导作用的理论 ,是将环境道德与环境法制建设结合起来以实现环境法治的理论。     

The Common Law Clean Up of the ‘Workshop of the World’: More Realism About Nuisance Law's Historic Environmental Achievements

This article examines the environmental benefits arising from compliance with common law nuisance injunctions during the British industrial revolution. It argues, based on the outcomes of industrial nuisance actions involving allegations of serious air and river pollution, that many millions of pounds were invested by corporate polluters in designing and implementing clean technologies within the framework of the common law. Nuisance law was not an unqualified success in the field of environmental protection at this time, but overall the findings contribute to the on‐going critique of the nuisance law histories of Brenner and McLaren, which argue that various limitations of the common law are at the root of modern environmental problems. The discovery of historic practical measures of environmental protection through common law enforcement raises important conceptual, policy, and legal questions for today, and disciplinary questions regarding the rigour of realist legal scholarship concerning the historic performance of the law.     

Intention in Criminal Law: The Challenge from Non‐Observational Knowledge

Intention is at the heart of criminal law. If it is not the mens rea requirement found most often in offences, it is still the standard against which other grades of fault tend relatively to be judged. It has generated much controversy, as the crucial question, “Did the defendant intend X?” is resistant to clear answers. This paper argues that intention‐questions are difficult because intention is not the thing law takes it to be: Importantly, contrary to law's assumptions, it is neither a state of mind nor is it connected in an exclusive manner to the reasons for which we act.     

The Evolutionary Game‐Theoretic Foundations of Law

Interdisciplinary work in the law often starts and stops with the social sciences. To produce a complete understanding of how law, evolutionary game‐theoretic insights must, however, supplement these more standard social scientific methods. To illustrate, this article critically examines The Force of Law by Frederick Schauer and The Expressive Powers of Law by Richard McAdams. Combining the methods of analytic jurisprudence and social psychology, Schauer clarifies the need for a philosophically respectable and empirically well‐grounded account of the ubiquity of legal sanctions. Drawing primarily on economic and social psychological paradigms, McAdams highlights law's potential to alter human behavior through expressions that coordinate. Still, these contributions generate further puzzles about how law works, which can be addressed using evolutionary game‐theoretic resources. Drawing on these resources, this article argues that legal sanctions are ubiquitous to law not only because they can motivate legal compliance, as Schauer suggests, but also because they provide the general evolutionary stability conditions for intrinsic legal motivation. In reaction to McAdams, this article argues that law's expressive powers can function to coordinate human behavior only because humans are naturally and culturally evolved to share a prior background agreement in forms of life. Evolutionary game‐theoretic resources can thus be used to develop a unified framework from within which to understand some of the complex interrelationships between legal sanctions, intrinsic legal motivation, and law's coordinating power. Going forward, interdisciplinary studies of how law works should include greater syntheses of contemporary insights from evolutionary game theory.     

论刑法学方法对刑事立法与司法的意义

在刑事法治系统中,立法与司法是两个非常重要的子系统。研究刑法学方法,①对于这两个子系统的良性运转,进而促进刑事法治系统的良性运转,具有重要意义。一立法完善,对于中国刑事法治而言,是一项重要的制度建设工作。二十世纪八十年代以来的刑事立法,始终贯穿着这一主题。(一)立法完善的含义与意义完善之意,指(使之)完备美好。②立法完善,即通过立法程序使法律、法规进一步完备的过程与结果。刑法的立法完善亦然。废除、修改非正当、不合理的规定,增补与社会现实相适应的内容,是刑法立法完善工作的基本方式。制定立法解释,是刑法立法完善工作…     

论“法律真实”的合理性及其意义

法律真实是与客观真实相对的诉讼真实观.在学理上,客观真实观是一种形而上的本体论思维模式,其本质决定了它不具备实用性、操作性,无法在司法实践中得到真正的实施,片面地追求更是有害无益.法律真实是符合认识论的具体现实的真实观,它将主观与客观、真理与价值、认识的绝对性与相对性等一系列认识论原理结合起来,成为现实可行的诉讼指导观念.在当前的审判方式改革和建立我国证据制度的进程中,必须更新诉讼观念,以法律真实观作为构建诉讼制度的认识论基础.     

法律进化论及其对中国民法典编纂的影响

对法律的制定有建构论唯理主义和法律进化论两种根本对立的观点。本文在对这两种理论进行综合分析的基础上,提出了一种折衷的观点,即以法律进化论为本体,辅之以适度的建构理论,实行“科学的法律进化论”,并以此为认识论的基础,对中国民法法典化中的一些问题提出了自己的一些看法,以期对目前进行的民法典制定有所裨益。     

Socio‐legal Studies in France: Beyond the Law Faculty

This article is the third in an occasional series dealing with the development, current status, and future of socio‐legal studies in selected countries. It follows articles by Kim Economides (Aotearoa/New Zealand) and Harry Arthurs and Annie Bunting (Canada). In this article we argue that in France one can identify work that corresponds to the key strands of socio‐legal research in Anglo‐American societies but that ‘socio‐legal’ as a category of research and scholarship does not have the presence it has in the United Kingdom. French law faculties continue to be strongly shaped by a traditional disciplinary orthodoxy rooted in a highly and distinctively structured form of doctrinal analysis. In the first part, we explain the relatively limited presence of socio‐legal studies in French law faculties in terms of the historical and institutional mechanisms by which disciplinary closure has been created and maintained around traditional orthodoxies. But in the second part we will trace the presence – predominantly outside law faculties – of significant fragments of socio‐legal practice in the scholarship of law and allied disciplines.     

社区矫正写入刑法的重大意义

随着行刑社会化的发展,社区矫正在世界各国被普遍采用。我国此次刑法修正案（八）将社区矫正正式写入刑法,使得＂社区矫正＂一词第一次正式出现在刑法条文的规定中。这是对社区矫正在我国试行七年以来积极意义的重要肯定,也是对我国刑罚轻缓化、行刑社会化发展的进一步考验。结合刑法修正案（八）中对社区矫正的相关规定,     

论刑事诉讼正当程序的宪政意义

正当法律程序源于英国的普通法,盛于美国,在当今世界各国影响甚大,其发展历程与权利保障密切相关;程序法定原则作为大陆法系国家奉行的原则,与正当法律程序有着共同的价值理念,但后者含义更为丰富,正当法律程序所具有的权力控制和人权保障功能,以及诉讼过程和判决的正当化功能,对于我们认识刑事诉讼中正当法律程序所具有的价值和宪政意义具有直接的作用。     

Making the Case for Socio‐legal Research in Land Law: Renner and the Law of Mortgage

The aim of this article is to enhance knowledge of and to encourage further research into two areas not traditionally the subject of socio‐legal research, namely, the work of Karl Renner and the English law of mortgage, for three reasons. First, an account of them supports the proposition that a true understanding of law requires knowledge of its origins, content, and function. Second, Renner's theory can contribute significantly to our understanding of law by offering an alternative to the polarized debate between legal autopoiesis and other sociological conceptions of law. Third, it has much to tell us about the relationship between legal and social change. In particular, Renner's work suggests that those seeking legal reform should look not to the legislature, but to those capable of influencing its ‘social function’. Those frustrated by the lack of doctrinal reform within the law of mortgage can take heart, therefore, from the continual process of change evident in its social function. Ultimately, however, further socio‐legal research is required, for a more developed understanding of the law of mortgage.