当庭认证:一个被误读的概念

当庭认证是刑事审判方式改革的重要内容,由于未有相关法律或司法解释对其内涵作出明确界定,从而在审判实 践中当庭认证往往被机械理解。从诉讼理论出发并联系审判实践,探讨了当庭认证的应有内涵,并提出公开认证 的概念比当庭认证更具有现实意义。     

道德:生存方式的实践理性标示

道德本质上是人类生存方式的实践理性标示,它既存在于现实生活中,又立足于现实生活来构建属于人的价值意义世界.社会道德的混乱甚至沦丧,根本上是人的生存方式出了问题.解决道德问题,必须着眼于改善人的生存方式,即在社会意义上实现生产生活方式的合理性变革,在个体生存意义上自觉加强道德自律.     

Fundamental Rights: Between Morals and Politics

Starting from the impossibility of understanding fundamental rights from the standpoint of natural law doctrine or positivism, the author tackles the issue of rights from a realistic point of view, that is to say from the perspective of law and politics on the one hand, and from the perspective of public morality, on the other. Thus the foundation of fundamental rights is the meeting point of conceptions of social morality that are current in the modern world and the political aspect of the conception of pluralist democracy. Moreover, fundamental rights are considered an instrument to enable the social and moral development of human beings.     

道德性:法律与道德的契合

法律所具有的道德性不仅意味着法律与道德不可分离,还意味着法律所包含的道德的层次.法律的道德性主要通过创制法律规范阶段与法的实施阶段展现出来.经由法律的合宪机制、法官的道德约束以及立法与守法的和谐机制等三个途径论述法律道德性的完善.     

Reproductive Health: Morals,Margins and Rights

Reproductive interventions and technologies have the capacity to generate profound societal unease and to provoke hostile reactions underpinned by various moral concerns. This paper shows that this position currently goes relatively unchecked by the European Court of Human Rights, which allows the margin of appreciation and consensus doctrines significantly to limit the scope of reproductive rights under the right to respect for private and family life under Article 8. This occurs both in relation to the interest in avoiding reproduction at stake in abortion, and that in achieving it at stake in medically assisted reproduction. The paper demonstrates significant flaws in the Court's framing and deployment of these doctrines in its reproductive jurisprudence. It argues that, as regards existing and upcoming reproductive interventions and technologies, the Court should attend to the concept of reproductive health, long recognised in international conventions and policy materials.     

国家与婚姻:婚姻自由的宪法之维

作为宪法基本权利的婚姻自由,是指婚姻当事人享有自主地决定自己婚姻的权利,免受国家的非法干预与侵犯.婚姻当事人按照法律的规定,有权基于本人的意志,自主自愿地决定自己的婚姻问题,既不受国家的强迫、限制或其他方式的影响,也不受第三人的干涉和强制.我国法律规范中限制公民结婚和离婚的某些规定,与宪法婚姻自由基本权利是相冲突的,国家对婚姻自由限制只能是在宪法精神下基于合理的、正当的理由且只能由法律予以规定.婚姻自由是否可以包括同性婚姻近年来被少数群体呼吁,其法律理论需要从宪法平等的层面进行探讨.同性婚姻的法理学源于宪法平等而非婚姻法,即性的平等而非男女平等,同性婚姻如果需要国家的保护,首先需要对宪法平等权作扩张的解释,然后才有可能进入由法律规范调整的讨论视角.     

关系契约视野下的婚姻观——对传统婚姻契约观的反思和突破

关系契约理论突破了传统契约理论的不足，为我们提供了一个全新的视角去看待婚姻的契约属性，为婚姻关系的基本定位和各项规则的设计提供了理论依据。在关系契约视野下，婚姻立法应该鼓励长期承诺、鼓励奉献和互惠、保护信赖利益、避免机会主义、正视社会规范和关系互动中形成的潜在不平等，适应婚姻关系不断变化的特征，建立调整婚姻的弹性机制。婚姻制度的设计应该协调婚姻中的国家干预和个人自治、兼顾当事人的对立和统一，衡平婚姻中的自由和限制，均衡当事人的利益和损失。     

公共秩序或者道德与生物技术发明的可专利性

一、美国美国专利法中没有明确规定禁止违反公共秩序或道德的条款。在LOWELLv．LEWIS案中①，著名的Story法官宣布“法律的全部要求就是发明不应当损害社会的安宁、良好的政策和健康的道德。因此实用性一词是与无害或非不道德的行为联系在一起的。”Story法官引述的不道德发明的例子是“新的毒害人的、或者是刺激放荡的或者是帮助秘密暗杀的发明”。因此在美国专利法中，有害的、危险的、不道德的发明都按缺乏实用性论处②。在美国专利法实践中，有两种具体类型的案件要适用Story法官在LOWELLv．LEWIS案的判决中所表述的观点。第…     

Marriage systems and remarriage in 19th century Hungary: a comparative study

The paper tries to examine the intensity and possible influencing factors of remarriages in two distant communities of historic Hungary during the 19th century. It uses longitudinal data gained from parish registers and family reconstitution method and event history models for the analysis of remarriage. Having only incomplete information on the social status of widowed persons, we used sex, age at widowhood, period, duration of widowhood and family composition as independent variables in the models. The analysis could prove that there were considerable differences within the ‘Eastern marriage pattern’: the analysed Transylvanian community showed a higher propensity to remarry than the West Hungarian one. This result fits well into the differing demographic patterns of the two communities. The most probable causes of these differences were better mortality and differing social composition in the Hungarian village. High propensity to remarry and the high proportion of widower/widow marriages stress the unique character of the Transylvanian community. Otherwise the role of sex was decisive in remarriage, that of age and duration of widowhood were also considerable, while period effect could not be observed. The presence of working-age sons decreased the relative risk of remarriage significantly. In this respect there were no considerable differences between the studied communities, and the results are similar to those of other research.     

Money and Marriage: Sexually Transmitted Debt in England

In recent years of economic recession, the problems faced byspouses and partners (especially wives) who provide third partyloan security (usually a second mortgage over the family home)for the business debts of their spouse or partner has emergedas an increasing evidence social and legal problem, especiallyin the United Kingdom, and also Australia (where the problemhas become know as ‘sexually transmitted debt’).In this article, the central findings of the first major empiricalstudy of ‘sexually transmitted debt’ are discussed,after first placing the problem in its legal and social context.     

Forced Marriage as a Harm in Domestic and International Law

This article reports on our analysis of 120 refugee cases from Australia, Canada, and Britain where an actual or threatened forced marriage was part of the claim for protection. We found that forced marriage was rarely considered by refugee decision makers to be a harm in and of itself. This finding contributes to understanding how gender and sexuality are analysed within refugee law, because the harm of forced marriage is experienced differently by lesbians, gay men and heterosexual women. We contrast our findings in the refugee case law with domestic initiatives in Europe aimed at protecting nationals from forced marriages both within Europe and elsewhere. We pay particular attention to British initiatives because they are in many ways the most far-reaching and innovative, and thus the contrast with the response of British refugee law is all the more stark.     

“走婚”与“女性丈夫”——中国摩梭人与尼日利亚伊博人性别关系的比较

婚姻是涉及人类两性关系的头等大事。在许多社会中,所谓婚姻,即意味着一个男人将一个女人娶到自己家里。然而,从中国摩梭人的"走婚"和尼日利亚伊博人的"女性丈夫"来看,情况却并非如此。比较这二者的性别关系,可以发现:在摩梭人和伊博人的婚姻家庭中,所嫁娶的对象完全或部分颠倒,男性仅仅是"亲生父亲",而妇女是真正的"社会父亲",体现了传统习俗的影响。     

美国普通法婚姻的起源和兴衰

自9世纪到1563年、10世纪到1753年,普通法婚姻分别在欧洲大陆和英格兰得到了教会的承认。在殖民地时期,英属的部分北美殖民地和西班牙属的殖民地予以承认,英属的另一部分殖民地和法属殖民地未予以承认。美国建国之后到19世纪中后期,大多数州承认了普通法婚姻。到了2005年,只有11个州和哥伦比亚特区予以承认。不复承认的理由主要是:人口集中、交通改善、政府公务人员或牧师不再短缺;承认普通法婚姻危害交易安全、危害种族健康、诱发欺诈行为、危害统计数据的准确;非婚生子女地位得到改善。     

“To establish a community of property”: Marriage and race before and during the Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was the greatest social upheaval in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions. The paper presents results from the first systematic study of marriage during this event, which included slave rebellion (1791), general emancipation (1793) and political independence from France (1803). The article focuses on a single colonial parish, leveraging a sample of roughly 1000 contracts by comparing them with similar documents from same region in the 1760s and 1780s. Ironically, amid a revolution that was ostensibly eliminating slavery and racism, the interracial marriages that had once been common in this parish virtually disappeared. The wealthy “mulatto” families who had been free long before 1791 intensified their pre-Revolutionary pattern of endogamy and cousin-marriage. In the meantime, French male immigrants of the sort who, before the Revolution, had allied with these established clans, now shunned these marriages.     

Marriage,Cohabitation, and Crime: Differentiating Associations by Partnership Stage

A wealth of scholarship generally finds that marriage protects against crime, but there is less consistent evidence for cohabitation. In this article, we contribute to scholarship on marriage and put forward new evidence about cohabitation by examining marital and cohabiting partnerships as transitions with distinct stages of entry, stability, and dissolution. We use within-person change models with contemporary data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to analyze these stages for the full sample and separately for men and women. The findings show differential protective associations of marriage and cohabitation depending on the stage of the partnership. Both recently formed cohabiting partnerships and stable cohabiting partnerships are associated with reductions in the level of offending, although to a lesser degree than marital relationships. Cohabiting partnerships that are stable, in that they have lasted at least a year, are associated with larger decreases in offending, particularly among women.     

Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment

Lord Atkin. Geoffrey Lewis. London. 1983. Butterworths. xi + 248 pp. (incl. index). £14.95.

Law and Social Change in British History: Papers presented to the British Legal History Conference, 14–17 July 1981. Ed. J.A. Guy and H.G. Beale. London. 1984. Royal Historical Society. xiii + 194 pp. (incl. Index). £20.80.

Gentlemen and Poachers: The English Game Laws 1671–1831. P.B. Munsche, Cambridge. 1981. Cambridge University Press. x &; 255 pp. £18.50.