The UN and Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Between International Regulation and Partnerships

This article analyses the successive attempts of the United Nations to ensure the responsible conduct of transnational corporations, and of business in general, with reference to the protection of the environment. The article will concentrate mainly on the UN draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations, the 'partnership with business' approach of the Global Compact and the human-rights-based approach of the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regards to Human Rights. After considering recent developments at the UN Commission on Human Rights, the article evaluates the continued efforts, diverse strategies and multi-faceted institutional role of the UN in keeping the issue of corporate environmental responsibility on the international agenda and in trying to identify the international environmental standards directly applicable to business entities.     

On Explaining the Development of 'Emissions Trading' in U.S. Air Pollution Regulation

Over the past decade the legal-administrative framework of United States air pollution regulation has changed from one based almost entirely on "command control" mechanisms to one allowing considerable use of "transferrable pollution permits." This article traces the process of that change, suggests why it may be a very significant one, and proposes a social explanation for it. Perhaps its most important explanatory proposition is that market mechanism regulation may reflect the formation and rise of a new "regulatory culture" likely to affect the form and substance of regulation more generally.     

坚持落实“首要标准”着力提高罪犯生存发展素质

2008年6月16日,周永康同志在全国政法系统贯彻党的十七大精神和胡锦涛总书记重要讲话专题研讨班上明确指出,“监管场所要把改造人放在第一位”、“要把刑释解教人员重新违法犯罪率作为衡量监管工作的首要标准”,为监狱工作进一步指明了方向。山东监狱系统认真贯彻中央领导同志的重要指示,紧紧抓住提高罪犯的生存发展素质,确保罪犯刑满释放后顺利回归社会这一降低刑释人员重新犯罪率的关键,以提高罪犯生存发展素质为核心,在罪犯的思想道德素质、心理健康素质、劳动就业素质、现代文明素质等方面展开探索与实践,创新管教模式,拓宽工作渠道,     

Toxic Atmospheres Air Pollution,Trade and the Politics of Regulation

Air is an essential ingredient for all living things and its properties influence the quality and longevity of life. When polluted, it is estimated that it causes the annual premature death of millions of people and the world-wide damage and destruction of wildlife and natural habitats. This article examines human-made air pollution within a framework of ‘eco-crime’ and Green Criminology. Using original data on air pollution infringements, it critically examines the shortcomings with existing mechanisms of air pollution control, regulation and enforcement in the UK. In doing so, it identifies how Criminology must continue to push new boundaries and engage with emerging harmful acts of both local and global concern.     

从国际条约的执行看加拿大联邦宪法问题

“条约必须信守”原则要求,承担了执行生效条约义务的国家必须在国内有效地履行所缔结的国际条约。但是,加拿大联邦政府在执行所缔结条约时存在一定困难。通过分析比较发现,加拿大履行条约的最大障碍存在于加拿大联邦制度。因为加拿大联邦制度无法有效解决联邦与地方的权力争端。     

一般竞争管制与行业竞争管制在电信管制中的冲突与协调--加拿大电信管制的经验及对我国的启示

本文分析了电信业在破除垄断、引入竞争后,电信管制中,一般竞争管制与电信行业管制之间对电信经营活动管辖权存在的冲突与协调这一现象.通过介绍加拿大富有特色的做法及解决模式,结合我国现阶段的实际,以推进我国电信业发展,建立完善的电信竞争政策执行机制为目标,提出我国解决这一问题可采取的对策.     

浅论社会性规制的理论依据—兼论我国政府对食品与药品质量规制制度

长期以来,我们比较重视对经济性规制的研究,而忽视了对社会性规制的研究。作为社会性规制中的政府对产品质量规制应被重视。本文在对社会性规制的理论依据分析的基础上,就我政府对食品与药品质量规制制度进行分析,以期理论界对此问题有更准确的把握。     

Broadcasting Regulation and Building the Multicultural Canadian Nation: Understanding the CRTC's Al-Jazeera Arabic Decision

The Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission provoked extensive debate in 2004 when, in a seminal decision, it approved controversial and popular satellite television network Al-Jazeera Arabic for Canadian distribution. While the broadcast regulator's decision placed what some consider onerous responsibilities on potential Al-Jazeera carriers, others argue that given past egregious incidents of abusive speech on the network, it should not have been approved at all. This article accounts for the policy and regulatory context in which the Al-Jazeera decision is situated and the factors leading to the decision. The article argues that in proscribing abusive speech on the airwaves, the regulator locates freedom of expression within the context of a mandate to ensure that the Canadian broadcasting system makes a tolerant, multiethnic and multicultural Canadian nation imaginable.     

Development of Communitarian Regulation in the Chemical Industry

This study explores the development of communitarian regulation in the American chemical industry by focusing on the history and challenges facing Responsible Care, the leading example of regulation by an industry association on the environmental scene today.     

论宪法申诉权的落实和发展

申诉权是宪法规定的一项公民的基本权利。本文界定了申诉权的概念 ,比较了行政复议制度、政府信访制度与目前行政申诉制度的区别 ,阐述了宪法确立申诉权的意义 ,对我国落实公民申诉权的现状作了客观评估 ,最后着重就发展我国公民申诉制度、全面落实公民申诉权提出了若干建议。     

Perpetrators of Violence and Abuse in Lesbian Partnerships

Scholarship, policy and practice relating to domestic violence have all seen many changes in the recent past. The definition of domestic violence is often wide ranging describing physical violent within an adult (married) couple to the inclusion of intergenerational abuse and violence. As a result of feminist interventions a gender-based approach to domestic violence is now well established. Most research using this model shows that the majority of victims are women and most perpetrators are men. This impacts upon the policies, initiatives and service provision. One consequence is that it fails to explore the possibility of women’s different experiences of domestic violence. The point of departure for this paper is that it fails to take account of domestic violence in lesbian partnerships. Using data generated by way of an annual analysis of counselling cases of generated by a German lesbian specific social services agency and data from focussed interviews with 20 lesbians who have been violent to their lesbian partners this article offers a range of new insights into the nature and experiences of domestic violence in same sex domestic relationships and considers the significance of this data in relation to policing and other modes of intervention to bring that violence to an end.

实施中的“软”“硬”之法:规则的不服从与服从

法律在实施中既有执行软弱的问题,也有执行过于刚硬的问题。如何避免执法者和守法者在服从法律规则上的过于僵硬或机械?主要可从两个方面解决:一是处理好原则与规则的适用关系。当规则与原则一致时,先适用具体的规则;当规则与原则不一致时,应优先适用原则。二是公民的抵抗权问题。法律应赋予公民出于道德良知的判断(或特殊行业的执业者出于职业道德)而故意违反现行法律规定的权利。总之,法制应该具有"温情"的一面。     

关于律师管理与发展的理性思考——第五届中国律师论坛主题演讲摘要

护法律权威,促社会和谐吕红兵(上海市律师协会会长):我个人理解,律师在构建和谐社会中的作用举足轻重,无可替代。首先我认为律师是社会生活的“先知者”。可以说,社会上很少有一个职业像律师职业一样深入到社会生活的各个层面。大到国家政治生活的方针决策,小至每一个普通公民的日常生活领域。律师职业的深度和广度都是任何职业不可比拟的。这是由律师的职业特点决定的。第二,律师是社会生活的“润滑剂”。和谐社会强调和谐,强调社会的不同环节融洽相处,这就要求社会出现矛盾时能及时化解,这些工作恰恰是律师执业行为的题中应有之义。律师通…     

论社会变迁与环境法律规则运行模式的演进

法律作为社会变迁的产物,其规范变迁与功能的进化必然受深层的文明演进因素的影响。对环境法而言,"人定胜天、天人合一、资源有限、同质同源"的理念变迁,促成了环境法之法律规则运行模式的四层次演进:环境破坏规制规则的缺位、环境破坏规制规则的填补、利益限制性规则的注重、利益促进性规则的引入"。而环境法之功能也在环境法律规则运行模式的层递演进中得到进化。     

The Ethics of Restrictive Licensing for Handguns: Comparing the United States and Canadian Approaches to Handgun Regulation

The United States and Canada regulate firearms, particularly handguns, quite differently. With only a few state and local exceptions, the U.S. approach emphasizes the ability of most individuals to purchase, possess, and carry handguns. By comparison, Canada has a form of restrictive licensing for handguns that places a premium on community safety. The authors first review the potential individual and community level harms and benefits associated with these differing fre-arm policies. Using this information, they explore the ethical dimensions of the U.S. and Canadian approaches through three major themes of autonomy, prevention of harms, and social justice. The authors conclude that the Canadian approach is consistent with respect for the autonomy of persons, fosters the prevention of harms, and more appropriately furthers social justice.