静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印初探

研究利用静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印的可行性,探究光敏印章伪造指印与手指遗留指印的静电压痕检验结果差异。以同一枚指纹为模板,分别制作8种不同光敏印油的盖、捺印指印样本及8种不同印台印油的捺印样本,用静电压痕仪对遗留5 d样本的正反面进行检验,并初步考察不同遗留时间（最长30 d）对检验结果的影响。结果表明：1）光敏印油捺印样本正面经静电压痕检验后,形成的痕迹对指印纹线的表现能力强于光敏印章盖印样本,但弱于印台印油捺印样本;2）静电压痕仪检验后的部分印台印油捺印指印,形成了超出红色印油范围的黑色补充纹线;3）光敏印油盖、捺印样本经静电压痕仪检验后,印痕周围均出现光晕状痕迹;4）静电压痕仪检验后,少数光敏印章盖印指印周围出现不完整章面印痕;5）对样本背面进行静电压痕检验,光敏印油盖、捺印样本均可显现出明显指印印痕,且边缘出现明显光晕状痕迹,印台印油捺印样本背面痕迹不明显;6）样本遗留30 d时,仍然能够依据上述5条实验现象对三类样本进行区分。静电压痕检验一定程度上能作为纸张上光敏印章伪造指印的有效检验方法之一,但还需就遗留时间、印油种类、盖印/捺印力度、章体新旧程度等因素对检验结果的影响...     

成功显现辨读疑难压痕文字1例

2000年2月10日晚7时38分,某地8.7吨炸药在库内发生爆炸,造成2人失踪,多人受伤,方圆数里近百间民房不同程度炸毁.侦查获取嫌疑人的一张便笺疑有压痕文字,由于检材压痕模糊不清且有多处重叠交错无法辨读其内容.为搞清其内容获取破案线索,对此检材采取了先静后动,先观察后接触,先显现后固定,先拍照后着色的原则,从不压、不折、不加湿、不污染检材的过程到加湿、加压、着色等易起褶、变平和污染检材的     

涂铅复印法显现检验压痕字迹

压痕字迹是指由于书写运动的压力作用 ,在衬垫的纸张上留下的无色印压痕迹。压痕字迹多为书写人在书写时无意中留下 ,是正本的复印件 ,所以具有较大的真实可靠性 ,一旦显现清晰 ,检验结论准确 ,可为侦察破案提供有力证据。压痕字迹的清晰程度主要取决于压痕的深浅 ,而压痕的深浅又与书写压力大小、纸张厚薄以及衬垫物的软硬有关 ,压力大 ,纸张薄 ,衬垫物软 ,压痕就深 ,反之则浅。压痕字迹检验首要环节是显现 ,显现的机理是设法加强文字笔画与纸面的明暗差别。目前 ,我国对压痕字迹的显现方法较多 ,但要根据每份检材的实际和现有设备进行选择…     

铅粉涂抹法显现被书写文字遮掩的压痕文字

对于压痕文字的检验，目前有诸多的方法，如静电吸附法、测光照相法、加强反差法等，以至于使用文检仪、图像处理系统等设备。但是，对于被书写文字遮掩的压痕文字，在不具备更先进设备的情况下，使用目前这些检验方法，并不能完全辨认压痕文字的内容，主要是因为被书写文字遮掩所致。被书写文字遮     

利用热升华打印机伪造信用卡诈骗案件检验

近年来，利用热升华打印技术伪造信用卡、驾照以及其他用塑料为媒介文件的案件呈上升趋势。笔者就一起利用热升华打印机伪造信用卡诈骗案件为例进行剖析，旨在为今后公安及军队各级保卫部门办理此类案件提供借鉴。     

复写纸压痕笔迹鉴定的初步研究

本文主要探讨复写纸上压痕字迹的检验鉴定问题。在日常压痕鉴定实践中,此类案件实属罕见,其鉴定难度较大,既无现成的理论指导,又无实际的经验借鉴。作者通过一件复写纸压痕笔迹的鉴定,探索、研究了复写纸上压痕字迹的显现技术;并对如何确认复写纸压痕笔迹书写人积累了鉴定经验。写此文章目的在于帮助、引导文检工作者分析复写压痕笔迹鉴定的一些难题,或许能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

钳剪断头印压痕迹的检验

本文通过工痕检验实践发现,在一些常见的钳类工具中,由于生产工艺的原因,使其结构上具有某种特定性,即在刃口两端有一条与刃口角度呈垂直的对称“结合条”(咬合条)。剪切客体时,会将部分对称结合条的印压痕迹遗留在被剪客体的断端,形成剪切印压痕。该痕迹的利用为一些不具备剪切比对条件的客体提供了认定的可能。     

同一台打印机二次打印文件检验1例

在同一介质上二次打印形成文件（对原有文件进行添改）是犯罪分子常用的作案方法。对鉴定机构而言，不同种类的打印机其打印原理、墨水等不同，可根据光学、化学特性的不同进行检验鉴定，即使是同种类的打印机，也能根据打印机自身的字库特征，以及长期使用磨损而反映在打印介质上的自身特征进行检验鉴定。但是对于同一台打印机二次打印形成的文件检验，一直是难题，本文成功检验1例，介绍如下。     

高压静电法显现金属表面汗潜手印

目的建立一种加载高压静电法,提高金属表面手印显现效果。方法利用自行设计的静电加载设备,在常见金属客体表面分别遗留1、3、7、15d的手印,分别用静电加载和普通磁性粉进行显现。结果高压静电法显现金属表面汗潜指印效果均有明显的提高。结论该方法现场操作性强,简便有效。     

废旧激光打印机彩色喷墨粉显现汗液手印

寻找和提取犯罪遗留痕迹物证是现场勘查中的一项非常重要的工作,如何快速高效发现与提取犯罪遗留痕迹物证?本文利用废旧打印机彩色墨粉针对非渗透性客体上快速显现手印做一介绍.     

Secondary impressions of writing detected by ESDA

Experiments have been performed which show conclusively that, under certain conditions, ‘impressions’ of writing can be detected by ESDA (ElectroStatic Detection Apparatus) on paper which has been placed in contact with the reverse of paper bearing writing which has significantly embossed the back. Such indirect ‘secondary’ impressions are caused by some degree of lateral relative motion of the two sheets of paper. Secondary impressions can usually be distinguished from normal primary impressions (caused by the ‘act’ of writing) by several characteristics, in particular, by the indistinct, incomplete and, sometimes, diffuse nature of the secondary impression images.     

Computational Approach to Identify Different Injuries by Firearms

Complications arise in the analysis of gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial region, when neither the projectile nor the gun is found at the crime scene. We simulated 5‐ and 15‐cm firing distances at a human mandible to investigate the external morphology of entrance wounds based on fire range. The ammunition models, .40‐caliber S&W, .380‐caliber, and 9 × 19‐mm Luger, were constructed with free‐form NURBS surfaces. In a dynamic simulation, projectiles were fired against mandibular body 3D model at 5 and 15 cm. All entrance wounds presented oval aspect. Maximum diameter and von Mises stress values were 16.5 mm and 50.8 MPa, both for .40‐caliber S&W fired at 5 cm. The maximum energy loss was 138.4 J for .40 S&W fired at 15 cm. In conclusion, the mandible was most affected by .40‐caliber S&W and morphological differences were observable in holes caused by different incoming projectile calibers fired at different distances.     

ESDA processing and latent fingerprint development: the humidity effect

The influence of humidification in the ESDA process on subsequent development of fingerprints on paper items was studied. It was found that, while the DFO process is nearly insensitive to previous humidification, fingerprint development with ninhydrin or with indanedione can be significantly affected by previous humidification of the paper.     

论人工生殖子女父母身份之认定

传统民法中父母子女关系的建立,血缘与怀胎是母亲同时具备的要素,法律上兼以二者作为认定母子关系的指标。随着医学科技的发达,人工生殖技术使得血缘与怀胎间的相连性不再理所当然,不孕夫妻可以借用他人的精卵通过体内或体外受精,使妻孕育分娩子女,甚至可以将不孕夫妻的受精卵植入他人的子宫怀胎分娩,使得人类的繁衍可以在血缘之外的母体进行。生殖科技对现行法律制度提出了诸多挑战,人工生殖子女之父母身份的认定问题尤为突出。为避免因采用特殊规则形成人工生殖子女为特殊子女的不当认识,立法上应力求采用与自然生殖同样的父母认定标准确定人工授精子女的亲子关系,即依据出生事实确定谁是母亲,根据婚生推定及否认制度确定谁是父亲,丈夫的术前同意限制其对子女的婚生否认权的行使;立足于有限性开放代理孕母的观点,确定代孕子女的父母身份时,法律应突破传统的分娩者为母亲的观念,通过特殊立法规定遗传父母为代孕子女之法律父母。     

Identify the injury implements by SEM/EDX and ICP-AES

The forensic investigator is frequently confronted with the discrimination and deduction of injury implements, which is one of the most important physical testimonies in courts. The usual method used in actual cases is from points of morphology. In the forensic discrimination of injury implements, such as metal implements, the analysis and comparison of elements are expected to provide excellent results, and simultaneous multi-elemental analysis is required to analyze various kinds of elements. This study was designed to establish discrimination and deduction of metal injury implements by scanning electron microscope/energy disperse X-ray microanalyzer (SEM/EDX) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Examined metal particles in five wounds made on the skin of domestic pigs, respectively, using Cu-Zn or Cr-Ni coated and carbon steel kitchen implements by EDX. For carbon steel kitchen implements, analyzed five samples from the back and blade separately in the contents and varieties of elements by ICP-AES. In the wounds by the coated implements, the special particles only containing Cu, Zn or Cr, Ni were found. In the wounds by carbon steel kitchen implements, the particles containing Fe, Cr, Si or Fe, Mn, Si were found. The differences of contents of elements between the back and blade was no significant except No. 5 for carbon steel kitchen implements, and the significant differences of elements exited in Cr, Mn, Si, Cu, Mo among the stainless kitchen knives, Mn, Si among the other kitchen implements and for the blade of No. 5 knife, relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) were significantly different in Mn, Si, Mo, Ti, S, P, Ni. Using EDX to examine the particles in wounds can deduce the categories of metal injury implements, and we can still deduce the different implements in the same category by ICP-AES.     

当事人确定标准再构筑

民事诉讼法学界普遍认为,当事人概念应从程序上加以把握。以此为前提,诉讼中以谁为当事人显得尤为必要。在冒用姓名诉讼、以死者为当事人的诉讼当事人确定理论的适用,表明了各学说在具体案例中有灵活适用的必要性与现实性。对审判实务中具体情况的分析,更说明了当事人确定理论有进一步研究的价值及意义。     

刑事推定与犯罪认定

推定与证明并列为认定犯罪的两种方法,由于推定天然的缺陷、刑事诉讼有别于民事诉讼的特有职能及我国的诉讼模式等,推定在我国刑事诉讼的运用应受到严格的限制。运用推定遵循一定的原则和符合一定的条件。正确界定推定与推理、推论、司法认知、举证简化之间的区别,对国外有关推定方面的规定应立足我国国情,慎加分析甄别,不可照抄照搬。     

医疗差错认定与Res Ipsa Loquitur

Res Ipsa Loquitur是拉丁文的法律专业术语，在英美法系多用于处理民事纠纷已经有一 百 多年历史，在医疗差错的认定上常被应用。我国司法与医疗卫生工作者对医疗差错的认定 多有争议，分析了解英美法系对Res Ipsa Loquitur应用的历史、案例和有关学说，与我国 的现行法律制度进行比较，相信会有所帮助。