50年代的美国与东亚--评《双重的遏制:艾森豪威尔政府的东亚政策》

整个20世纪后半期的世界历史大致上可以概括为美苏冷战的历史.这场美苏之间的竞争最初集中于欧洲和西亚,但不久以后冷战便呈现出扩、散的趋势,而首先波及的地区就是人口密集、形势复杂的东亚.南京大学中美文化研究中心副教授蔡佳禾的《双重的遏制:艾森豪威尔政府的东亚政策》(南京大学出版社1999年版,以下简称为《双重的遏制》一书;对艾森豪威尔时期美国的东亚政策进行了较为系统的研究.     

欧盟、美国对伊朗的经济制裁:政策分歧及其弥合

20世纪90年代中期以来,欧盟与美国在对伊朗实施经济制裁问题上产生了政策分歧,不过这种分歧在2006年旨在解决伊朗核问题的"六国方案"出台后又实现了部分弥合。本文在分别尝试国际体系结构变化、核能领域的特殊性以及地缘经济与政治等理论解释路径后认为,美、欧的政策分歧及其弥合都可以通过运用地缘经济学理论给予比较合理的解释。文章结论部分指出,地理上的毗邻以及与美国不同的对外政策决策机制,是欧盟各国对中东地缘经济利益更为重视的两大原因。     

The Iraq treaty, 1930

India's relations with the Gulf countries started to flourish in the 1990s after India succeeded in de-hyphenating Pakistan from its policy toward the Gulf. Though Pakistan remained a factor as it continued to raise Kashmir and internal situation in India at multilateral forums such as OIC to evoke anti-India sentiments, it did not remain an underlying factor in as was the case during the Cold War era. In the contemporary dynamics, when India-Gulf relations are progressing toward strategic partnerships, Pakistan has re-emerged as a factor but its nature has changed. As highlighted in the joint statements issued during the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visits to the Gulf countries since May 2014, India can now put pressure on Pakistan by highlighting its policy of sponsoring terrorism. This was evident when the Arab Gulf countries condemned the Pathankot (January 2016) and Uri (September 2016) terrorist attacks. India's relations with the Arab Gulf and other Middle Eastern countries are independent of their engagements with Pakistan and India-Pakistan tension, but New Delhi has stepped up efforts to raise the issue of cross-border terrorism and use of religion to incite terror activities against India during its engagements with these countries. It underlines the growing convergence between India and Arab Gulf countries over regional issues and the ability of India to isolate Pakistan over issues related to terrorism.     

The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps in the Iran–Iraq war: an unconventional military’s survival

Abstract

As Iraqi forces invaded the Iranian border shortly after the Islamic Revolution, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) participated in the battle along with the debilitated Iranian Army. The IRGC was a young religious-revolutionary institution that lacked the resources that revolutionary armies and militias conventionally rely on. Nevertheless, it survived the battle pressure and even achieved relative military successes in the second year of the war. By examining personal narratives written by Iranian veterans, this article argues that in the void of conventional resources in the first year of the war, the Guards retrieved elements of their Shia background to recognize a religiously inspired charisma in every combatant who would devotedly step up for martyrdom. This shared understanding of the omnipotent charisma was then acknowledged in action—by commanders’ deployment of it to impose order and through frequently held Shia rituals on the battlefield. It thereby created an alternative source of cohesion and motivation that led to the IRGC’s survival and prepared them for further successful steps by the end of the war’s first year.