俄罗斯职工所有制的过渡性质

目前我国一些学者主张把职工所有制作为我国国有企业改革方向,认为“个人所有制”、“劳动者所有制”、“全员所有制”是“激励与约束相容”的“公有制模式”。针对国内这一思潮,本文特介绍五年来俄罗斯职工所有制的有关情况,引读者思考这么一个问题:虽然俄罗斯职工所有制很有其特殊性,但它只不过是从国有制到资本主义私有制的过渡阶段这一点是否具有普遍性、规律性?     

国内苏东研究文摘

社会主义经济体制究竟有哪几种模式或类型?人们往往议论的是苏联模式、匈牙利模式、南斯拉夫式等等,刘国光在《我国经济体制改革的模式问题》(1984年第六期《财经问题研究》)一文中认为,以国家命名来做出模式的分类,不一定妥切。他提出了划分模式的新概念。其模式所包含的主要内容分为: 第一、所有制结构。有单一的全民所有制、以公有制为基础的及公有制不同形式的各种结合等。第二、经济决策结     

社会主义者的堡垒：“美好年代”法国鲁贝市的工人合作社

随着工人阶级登上历史的舞台,在工业化和城市化较为发达的城市中出现了不同形式的工人合作社。本文试图以法国鲁贝市的工人合作社为主体,通过合作社成立的历史背景、合作社的比利时特色以及合作社发挥的作用与影响,对“美好年代”鲁贝工人合作社——和平社进行简要的论述。通过对和平社的考察一方面能够发现和平社促进了鲁贝工人阶级意识的觉醒和团结;另一方面和平社也是社会主义者反对资本主义制度的据点,他们不仅在这里将市政纲领转化为具体的实践措施,还依靠和平社锻炼了社会主义者的行政能力。可以说和平社在法国的社会主义运动中扮演着重要的角色。     

苏东国家在所有制问题上的突破

社会主义社会在没有可分割的和可转让的固定资产所有制,也即私人所有制的情况下,市场能否有效地运转是个老问题。早在30年代西方学术界就对此进行争论。一种意见认为,在公有制中没有资本市场,产品价格就反映不出资本的机会成本。只有企业之间为谋求最充分地利用资本展开竞争才能作出有效的估价。另一种看法是,只要设计出一种“竞争性的市     

再论“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的关系

我国的革命是分两步走的,第一步是新民主主义革命,第二步是社会主义革命。社会主义革命是以社会主义改造的和平方式进行的,要正确认识和总结我国社会主义改造的历史过程和历史经验。马克思讲的"两个必然"和"两个决不会"原理是紧密相连、不可分割的。"两个必然"原理揭示了资本主义必然被社会主义所代替的规律,"两个决不会"原理说明了在什么样的条件下社会主义才能代替资本主义。马克思、恩格斯始终没有提出过落后国家可能首先取得社会主义革命胜利的思想。他们虽然设想俄国农村公社有可能不经过资本主义发展阶段而直接实现社会主义,但那是以西欧无产阶级革命首先取得胜利为先决条件的。列宁虽然提出了社会主义革命可能在一国或几国首先发生并取得胜利的思想,但他并不认为这是社会主义革命的一般规律,并且认为十月革命的胜利是在特定历史条件下取得的。     

中美发展问题研讨会在京召开

20 0 4年3月2 2日,由中央党校和美国企业研究所共同主办的“中美发展问题研讨会”在中央党校召开。中央党校国际战略研究所和经济学部的部分专家学者、美国前驻华大使李洁明及美国企业研究所的多名研究人员与会,共30多人。会议围绕两个主题进行讨论:中美国两国共同关注的经济问题和两国的安全合作。中方学者首先介绍了中国的经济改革情况,他们认为,改革开放2 5年来,中国经济取得了巨大的成就,表现在:中国的资源配置实现了从政府向市场导向的变化;中国的所有制结构也发生了巨大的变化,公有制占绝对多数的状态已经被多种所有制并存的局面所代…     

东欧企业产权转变的新模式

在东欧国家向市场经济过渡进程中,所有制关系的变革,特别是企业产权的转变一直是其经济纲领的重要组成部分。以往西方经济学家对企业产权问题都认为:社会主义经济改革的关键是实行私有化。但是,从过去一年中,在波兰、匈牙利的初步试验表明,私有化带来了政治、经济等方面难以克服的困难和诸多社会混乱现象。面对这一形势,许多经济学家开始比较现实地重新探讨企业产权转变的理论及模式。连过去坚持主张私有化的著名经济学家密尔顿·弗里德曼也重新明确表示“国营大企业不应出售给私人。”芝加哥大学教授利扎尔亦表示:过去认为私有制能刺激人的积极性,但从事实来看,所有制与积极性并无直接联系。只要管理人员及工人的报酬和职位同企业的经营状况挂钩,就会产生积极性。对国营企业经营不佳的原因,也有了对较客观认识:1.受外界因素干扰过多;2.缺     

唯物史观深化与社会主义市场经济历史定位

唯物史观提供了社会主义历史必然性证明,所擘画的未来蓝图是公有制计划经济。中国改革推出社会主义市场经济,表明生产力第一致动要素已经从"物质生产力"转移至"劳动生产力",进而表明生产力发展重心已经从侧重"生存需要"转移至侧重"发展需要";社会主义市场经济历史定位将经由唯物史观这一转变完成。     

苏联经济体制改革中的新思维——企业是改革的出发点

什么是经济体制改革的有效思路呢?30余年来的社会主义各国经济体制改革都探讨过或正在探讨这个问题。在我国,有的人提出要以宏观领域的“价税财”(即价格、税收、财政)改革作为整个经济体制改革出发点和中心;也有的人认为改变企业所有制形式是经济体制改革的一种新思路等等。众说纷纷,莫衷一是。当前,苏联的经济体制改革方案给我们提供了一种新的思维方式——把企业作为改革的出发点和中心。本文拟就这一新思维的起源、合理性以及内容等方面进行分析和探讨。一、原有体制的主要弊端是新思维的外现根源     

俄罗斯小企业改革的得与失

俄罗斯的经济改革首先是从小企业开始的,伴随着小私有化的结束而告一段落。对小私有化的评价贬多于褒。作者认为,小企业的改革基本上是成功的,但尚存在问题和不足。     

The ‘poisoned chalice’ of state ownership of water infrastructure in contemporary Blantyre,Malawi

The remunicipalisation of water in the global south has heightened a sense of optimism among left-leaning scholars and activists. This is widely heralded as a triumph over neo-liberal privatisation and therefore seen as putting water back into public hands. This article takes a critical view of this trend. It contends that insofar as remunicipalisation is conflated with state ownership, it may in other contexts not necessarily lead to water going back into public hands. An empirical account is presented of how state ownership in Malawi has been imbricated in commercialisation rationalities that have in turn undermined the establishment of an egalitarian public water network in Blantyre City. The article uncovers the extent to which the dominance of private capitalist interests in Malawi’s economy, lack of public financing and over-reliance on debt from global-local financial markets have systemically compromised the efficacy of the state in mediating the politics of water production and distribution.     

The Revolution and its Discontents: Grenadian Newspapers and Attempts to Shape Public Opinion during Political Transition

Abstract

What role did the newspaper play in attempting to influence public opinion in the early stages of the Grenada Revolution and what are the terms in which printed discourses on the revolution were conceptualised? The Grenada Revolution was a discursive political process where branding and narration were necessary elements in securing the revolution’s authority and legitimacy. This paper argues that Cuba functioned as a metonym through which the revolution was translated in Grenadian periodicals. Even before the coup of 13 March 1979 Grenadian media represented the New Jewel Movement—the revolutionary party—as Cuban-inspired and socialist. In order to examine how socialism in general, and the socialist character of the People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG) in particular, was narrated, a comparison is staged between two newspapers—the government-run Free West Indian and the privately owned The Torchlight. Competing discourses on Cuban communism are analysed for the ways in which they stood-in for the Grenadian people’s hopes, aspirations and anxieties in the midst of radical political change. Issues including race, gender equality, property ownership, freedom of religious practice and freedom of travel are examined in relation to capitalism and socialism, and the PRG’s efforts to maintain narrative authority of the revolution.     

Public councils in Kazakhstan: a case of emergent participative democracy?

As Kazakhstan aims to become one of the top 30 developed countries by 2050, it is increasingly turning to ways which will improve its governance, one of which is greater participation by its citizens in the decision-making processes of state agencies. A new initiative aimed at doing just that, the establishment of public councils, received legal backing in January 2016. The aim of public councils is to ‘strengthen democracy and the quality and responsiveness of public polices’ through the ‘public expression of matters of concern to Kazakh citizens’. This article offers a formative evaluation of the role performed by public councils and questions the extent to which they have achieved this aim. It draws on primary data from public officials, non-governmental organizations, ministries, and non-participant observation of public councils in Kazakhstan. It finds limited evidence of their effectiveness to date.     

Public Opinion Surveys and USA Foreign Policy Towards Latin America in the Second World War

In this paper, the roles of public opinion polls and agency in foreign policymaking are examined. Based on documents uncovered from the National Archives and Rockefeller Archive Center, this paper presents a more comprehensive picture of the history of public opinion surveys and the shaping of US bureaucracy in their relation to foreign affairs. Further, the paper contends that policymakers are interested in public views pertaining to foreign policy issues, but that private interests (serving their own interpretations of national interest) shape public views, using new techniques as guiding tools.     

公共外交:信息时代的国家战略工具

信息社会的深入发展不但加强了各国经济的相互依赖,同时也引发了一场新的外交革命.为适应信息时代新的国际环境,世界各国政府正追求和发展一种新的外交形式--公共外交.公共外交是一国政府对其它国家民众施加影响的外交形式,即通过情报、国际信息、文化交流项目、媒体等手段影响其它国家的民众并制造舆论,为一国在海外创设良好的形象,进而增进国家利益的活动,是信息时代各国实现国家战略利益的重要工具.     

从一国社会主义到中国改革开放

马克思主义创始人考察了人类社会发展的历史,论证了资本主义发达的高度将是社会主义的基础,因而设想,社会主义将会在英、法、德、美等先进资本主义国家最先建立。历史的发展和革命运动的实际却是尚未完成民主主义革命任务、相对落后的俄国,率先建立了社会主义国家。这样,第一次世界大战催生的俄国社会发展顺序的颠倒,就把世界社会主义运动聚焦到怎样建设社会主义国家。斯大林体制的一国社会主义,是特定时代条件下,斯大林将马克思主义应用于俄国实际所建立的社会主义。斯大林宣布苏联已建成完全的社会主义社会,其实只是完成了民主主义革命遗留的历史任务。完成这一历史任务成为斯大林体制的历史负荷。第二次世界大战后建立的社会主义国家,基本上也是民主主义革命任务尚未完成的相对落后的国家。历史的共性是斯大林体制被当作社会主义共同模式的时代条件。世界各社会主义国家共有的、越"左"越革命的幼稚病,是小生产占优势国家背负的、改革斯大林体制的沉重历史包袱。中国改革开放,建设中国特色社会主义,终于为相对落后国家在完成民主主义革命遗留历史任务之后,搞清楚什么是社会主义,从而开创了建设社会主义国家的新时代。     

Review Essay

Abstract

So far in modern world history, social revolutions, though they have entailed elements of class conflict, have plainly not conformed to Marx's theoretical expectations or moral vision. They have occurred in agrarian countries caught behind foreign competitors, not in the most advanced capitalist industrial nations. And even those revolutions that have expropriated domestic capitalist classes in the name of socialist ideals have hardly resulted to date in the prosperous, democratic communist societies envisaged by Marx. (Skocpol, p. 292)     

Rivaling the PRI: The Image Management of Vicente Fox and the Use of Public Opinion Polling in the 2000 Mexican Election

This research examines the data from private polls conducted during Vicente Fox's presidential campaign through the lenses of the "modernization" of campaigning, the creation of image in the modern Mexican presidency, and the survey tools used by the campaign to achieve a historic presidential victory in 2000. Fox's campaign team used polling to determine the potential of the Mexican public to be persuaded by an opposition candidate, to provide a continuous update on how the campaign strategy was working, to assist in solidifying Fox's image and message of change (rather than promoting his policy agenda), and to target demographic groups that were perceived to be important electoral partners. These findings suggest that public opinion polling is a useful tool in Mexico to combat longstanding corporatist structures used to favor the PRI. Presidential campaigns in Mexico are beginning to resemble modern campaigns in other mature democracies in their use of private polling data; future Mexican campaigns will become more image- and personality-based.