海上救助公约的重大发展及其影响

传统的无效果无报酬原则已被各国普遍采用并成为国际海上救助法的基本原则。而1989年国际救助公约确立的无效果无报酬例外原则却引起了海运界和贸易界的极大关注,并对许多国家的海商法产生影响。本文试图就海上救助公约的重大发展、海上救助公约对中英海上救助法、共同海损制度等的重要影响分别予以分析论述,以便我们充分理解和正确适用国际救助公约和我国海上救助法。     

民生性事权分配的经济法解析

民生性事权是指政府从事民生性事务的职权和职责，而民生性事权的分配则是指民生性事权在中央政府和地方政府之间以及同一级政府的不同职能部门之间的划分和配置。通过考察民生性事权在中央和地方之间分配失衡的实际情况，可以确立其在中央和地方合理分配的原则，进而进行规范上的构造。基本公共服务的事权应当尽可能由较高层级的政府承担，或者有能够与之匹配的地方财力支应，而非基本公共服务的事权则可以由较低层级的政府承担。     

PARTISAN POLITICS,ELECTORAL COMPETITION AND IMPRISONMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF STATES OVER TIME*

The now well‐documented explosion in prison populations over the last 30 years has spurred significant attention in the literature. Early research focused primarily on economic explanations. More recently it has focused on political explanations of prison growth. Here we extend research on political explanations of imprisonment by drawing on the literature on state politics and public policy. We argue that the effect of partisan politics on punishment is conditional on how much electoral competition legislators face. We test this hypothesis using annual state level data on imprisonment from 1978 to 1996. Our findings show that the effect of Republican state legislative strength on prison admissions depends on time and the level of competition in state legislative elections. We argue that these findings suggest the need for a more nuanced understanding of the link between partisan U.S. politics and imprisonment.     

形式解释论与实质解释论:事实与理念之展开

我国目前的刑事司法实践完全没有深深陷入法律形式主义的泥坑,因而需要采用实质解释论加以拯救,而恰恰是深深陷入了法律实质主义的泥坑,由此逾越了罪刑法定原则的樊篱,因而需要引入形式解释论加以纠正。在某种意义上,形式解释论与实质解释论之争不仅是构成要件论之争,甚至是刑法机能论之争、刑法观之争。在我国当下社会中,法治规则意识尚未完全建立。在这种前法治时代,我国应该大力弘扬规则功利主义。     

世界主要反倾销法分析与我国反倾销立法的完善

在“以‘替代国’价格作为非市场经济国家出口产品‘正常价值’”、“对公共利益的考虑”、“对出口商替进口商交纳反倾销税的作弊行为的制裁”、“反规避的措施”和“对中止反倾销调查的态度、做法”五个问题上,WTO、美国、欧盟反倾销法律中有着明显的或微妙的差异。比较这些差异的客观性、合理性会给中国反倾销立法的完善以启益。     

信用证欺诈例外原则研究--从加拿大一起案例看我国司法实践中应注意的问题

为抑制信用证欺诈、维护诚实信用的国际贸易环境 ,信用证欺诈例外原则的运用需突破信用证的独立性 ,将信用证交易与基础合同交易联系起来考查。这是对信用证独立原则的例外。加拿大最高法院于 1 987年审结一起有关信用证欺诈例外原则的著名案例BankofNovaScodiaappellantv .Angelica -WhitewearLTD .andAngelicaCorpo rationRespondents,成功地总结了英美法国家处理信用证欺诈问题的立法、判例。本文从介绍该案入手 ,结合国际公约和现有立法、判例、法学理论 ,分析信用证欺诈例外原则确立的必要性及适用条件 ,以期为我国在新形势下完善有关信用证欺诈的立法、司法作理论上的探讨     

Impact Spatter Bloodstain Patterns on Textiles

There are few reports of studies of impact spatter on textiles even though bloodstained textiles are found at many violent scenes. Impact spatter was deposited at 90° impact angle onto three knit fabrics of different yarn sizes and on paper. The resulting stain areas and number of stains were measured using ImageJ and compared with stains on paper using one‐factor ANOVA. The number of stains observed and their areas on the knit fabrics decreased as the yarn size increased. It was also found that blood that deposited on the fabric wicked only in the direction of the fibers at that location within the fabric which led to distorted stain shapes. Fewer observed impact spatter stains were found on cotton jersey knits for fabrics made with larger yarns than on paper. As the yarn size became smaller, the number of stains became the same as on paper.     

The correctional staff burnout literature

Correctional staff job burnout is costly to all involved. As such, it has generated a growing body of research. This study reviewed 53 empirical studies of correctional staff burnout and two review articles published between 1981 and 2014. The majority of studies focused on staff working in a variety of institutional positions, fewer studies focused exclusively on the subgroup of correctional officers, and even fewer focused on a different subgroup. The majority of studies also involved staff at US government-run adult prisons. Most but not all studies utilized Maslach’s Burnout Inventory. Research on the antecedents of job burnout among correctional staff is more common than research on the possible consequences or outcomes of job burnout. Interestingly, despite the empirical emphasis on antecedents of burnout, there has been almost no research on effective interventions designed to deal with correctional staff burnout. Based on this narrative review, significant gaps remain in the research on correctional staff burnout.     

晚近ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决的实证考察——兼谈我国首次被申诉案件的管辖权抗辩

近年来，ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决出现平稳增加的趋势。管辖权是ICSID仲裁庭得以作出有效裁决的基石，投资者和东道国也往往在进入实体争议之前首先就管辖权问题争锋相对。通过对近十年来ICSID仲裁庭的管辖权裁决进行分析，特别是结合公约内容中相关要件的规定，管辖权裁决的特征和趋势逐渐显露。考察晚近ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决，有助于分析ICSID仲裁庭自身的运作机制，积累实践案例经验，对于我国首次作为被申诉方参与ICSID进行管辖权抗辩也具有较强的启示作用。     

刑事案件精神病鉴定实施情况调研报告

本文以法律职业群体和司法精神病学鉴定专家为调研对象,就刑事程序中的精神病鉴定及相关问题进行了调研,通过运用访谈、问卷、阅卷、调取司法统计数据等实证研究方法对目前我国刑事程序中精神病鉴定的现状、问题及成因展开了研究.研究的主要问题包括司法精神病鉴定主体与鉴定管理体制,鉴定程序的启动,公安司法人员对鉴定意见的审查、判断,对...     

欧盟循环经济立法经验及其对我国的启示

欧盟循环经济立法非常发达 ,文中考察了其循环经济立法体系 ,阐述了欧盟循环经济立法的目的与基本原则 ,对其循环经济法律制度的体系进行了归纳 ,并就欧盟循环经济立法经验对我国的启示进行了探讨。     

WTO与环保有关的贸易条款评析

WTO《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》、GATT1 994、《技术性贸易壁垒协定》、《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》、《补贴与反补贴措施协定》、《农业协定》、《服务贸易总协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》以及《政府采购协定》中均含有与环境保护有关的贸易条款。如何应对与运用这些条款并推动它们的进一步完善 ,是我们面临的重要问题 ,而这一问题的解决必须建立在对它们的深刻理解的基础上。     

外资并购的准入管制和反垄断管制——评《关于外国投资者并购境内企业的规定》

产业准入管制和反垄断管制是我国应对外资并购的基本管制方法.反垄断管制应当服从准入管制.反垄断管制和产业政策管制的重点要随着环境的变化而变化,最终要服从国家经济利益.2006年<关于外国投资者并购境内企业的规定>的六章六十一条与2003年的<外国投资者并购境内企业暂行规定>的二十六条相比,有了很大的改进,但就准入管制而言,仍有外资准入的领域不科学、甄别外资的标准不科学、超国民待遇不合理等问题;就反垄断管制而言,相关市场和市场集中度的界定、域外管辖等问题还有待完善.     

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ADOLESCENT DELINQUENCY IN ICELAND: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS*

The current study examines the contextual effects of community structural characteristics on adolescent delinquency in Iceland, focusing on how specific individual‐level mechanisms work to mediate the contextual effects. Using multilevel data on 68 school communities and 6,458 adolescents, we find a contextual effect of community social instability (residential mobility, family disruption) on delinquency. Moreover, the findings indicate that specific individual‐level social control mechanisms (Coleman, 1988) explain a part of this effect, namely, embeddedness in community‐based social ties linking parents and adolescents and normlessness. Also, the findings indicate that the individual‐level effect of unsupervised peer activity on delinquency is contingent on embeddedness in social ties as well as on community social instability. The findings have bearing on the cross‐societal generalizability of social disorganization theory.     

世界贸易组织补贴规则研究

世界贸易组织法律体系中关于补贴问题主要规定在三个法律文件之中,即《补贴与反补贴措施协议》(以下简称《补贴协议》)、《农业协议》和《服务贸易总协定》。《补贴协议》只处理影响货物贸易的补贴,《农业协议》对农产品的补贴在《补贴协议》的大框架内有一些特殊规定,《服务贸易总协定》则另外规定了关于服务贸易的补贴。由于发达国家与发展中国家的经济实力的巨大悬殊以及它们对农业补贴的不同政策,从而导致了在货物贸易的补贴规则方面,两类国家之间存在着尖锐的利益不平衡,发展中国家必须为实现其与发达国家实质上的平等而继续奋斗。     

美国网上证券交易监管机制及其启示

网上证券交易是伴随计算机网络技术被引入证券市场而发展起来的新兴证券交易方式，随着其在世界各国证券市场的广泛应用，对网上证券交易的监管也成为各国监管机构越来越需要重视的问题之一。美国是最早发展网上证券交易的国家，其对网上证券交易的监管机制相对比较完善和有效，其推出的一些监管措施经过一些国际组织的推荐为世界其他国家所效仿，取得了比较好的效果。本文在探究美国的网上证券交易监管机制的基础上，结合中国的实际，就中国的网上证券交易监管的发展提出了建议，以期对建立健全中国的网上证券交易监管机制有所帮助。     

"两个人权公约"与我国人权宪政体制的整合

加入"两个人权公约"使我国面临着人权宪政体制与"两个人权公约"的整合问题.在人权宪政理念上,需要对关于人权的传统主流观念重新审视;在人权宪政规范上,以加入"两个人权公约"为契机,修正我国宪法公民基本权利的某些条款,重构我国的人权宪政体制;在人权宪政的运作上,对两个人权公约采取保留、克减措施,发挥我国宪法解释机制的功能,同时,以宪法的司法化为前提,以"两个人权公约"作为我国司法审判的直接依据并建立宪法判例制度.可以预见,21世纪经济全球化趋势必将促进我国宪政人权制度国际化的进一步发展.     

The Influence of Selected Fingerprint Enhancement Techniques on Forensic DNA Typing of Epithelial Cells Deposited on Porous Surfaces

Fingerprints deposited at crime scene can be a source of DNA. Previous reports on the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods have focused mainly on fingermarks deposited in blood or saliva. Here, we evaluate the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods on fingerprints deposited on porous surfaces. We performed real‐time quantification and STR typing, the results of which indicated that two methods (iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate enhancement) had no effect on the quantity of DNA isolated and resultant STR alleles when compared to control samples. DNA quantities and allele numbers were lower for samples enhanced with silver nitrate and 1,2‐indanedione in acetic acid when compared to control samples. Based on DNA quantity, quality, and observable stochastic effects, our data indicated that iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate were the preferred options for the enhancement of fingerprints on porous surfaces.     

对我国合同法上强制性规定的类型分析

在我国合同法上,强制性规定包括效力性规定和管理性规定。如何妥善地对二者进行区分,是一个无法在立法技术层面通过改进合同法的规范配置来解决的问题。此问题的解决有赖于案例法体系的建立。在法律论证的过程中,只有以现行法上的规则为依托,以比较法上的研究为参照,在体系思考和案例思考相结合的基础上,对应当参照的各类因素给予充分的关注,才能对违反强制性规定的法律效果作出合理的判断。