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1.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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4.
Based on my experience of conducting an ethnographic study with the Kurdish community in a town in the North East of England
I offer a reflection on interviewing three retired cigarette smugglers, who operated in Greece in 2002 and 2003. A reflection
on my experiences in this research process is provided with a reference to the absolute and relative value of the (data from
the) interviews conducted.
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5.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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6.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
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7.
This paper aims at casting a new light on the persistence of underemployment in emerging economies, by examining the relationship
between labour market imperfections and longevity changes. For that purpose, we develop a two-period OLG model where longevity
depends positively on the real wage, but negatively on the underemployment level, which both result from wage negotiations
between a trade-union, representing workers (i.e. young generation), and the management, representing capital-holders (i.e.
old generation). The existence, uniqueness and stability of a non-trivial steady-state equilibrium are studied. The distribution
of bargaining power is shown to be a major determinant of the short run and long run dynamics of employment, production and
longevity. The dynamics is also shown to be significantly sensitive to the precise form under which job quality affects longevity.
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8.
The major objectives of this article are to identify the inter-regional and inter-sector wage differentials that are attributed
to the institutional restriction on labor mobility (the hukou system), and then to simulate the impact that the removal of the restriction would have on the Chinese economy. Our simulation
results reveal that the removal of the hukou system would be accompanied by a massive migration to cities. The degree by which the labor force would decrease with the
removal of the hukou system is higher in rural industry than in agriculture, suggesting that the absence of job qualifications would prevent the
vast majority of farmers from changing their occupations. Should off-farm employment opportunities in cities for rural migrants
be rationed, the elimination of the hukou system would exacerbate rather than cure the problem of unemployment in urban labor markets, which would adversely affect
distributional consequences at the national level.
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9.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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10.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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11.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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12.
Manuel Eisner ( 2009) has posed the cynic’s hypothesis to help explain the slippage found between developer-led investigations of preventive interventions
and those led by independent evaluators, and he has called for more research on developer self-interest as a possible explanation
for this pattern of results. The issue Eisner raises has important implications for the integrity of science and for policy
making, but he gives insufficient attention to the challenges of intervention development and effective replication across
populations, communities, organizations, and service providers. The challenge he poses needs to be addressed by higher standards
for reporting trials, better peer review, improved investigator training, and rigorous, collegial support of those who choose
to enter this challenging field, lest we dissuade young investigators from seeking careers that combine their commitment to
solve social problems with their commitment to rigorously evaluate their efforts.
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14.
A theoretical framework combining the two branches of TCE, i.e., the governance branch (Williamson 2005) and the measurement branch (Barzel 2005) may explain the choice of the governance structure for private environmental transactions. Four case studies, i.e., the
market for pure air in polluted cities, the contractual arrangement between La Esperanza and the Monteverde Conservation League, the case of the French mineral water bottler Vittel and the case of land ownership by land trusts are briefly developed in order to support the theoretical framework. Special
attention is devoted to the presence (or not) of a 3-D (defined, defended and divestible) property rights system in interaction
with the juridical system (civil law vs. common law) and its influence on the way environmental property rights are likely
(or not) to be re-arranged. Lessons and policy implications are drawn in order to foster research on these challenging issues.
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15.
Even without the protection of the state and courts, illegal drug markets are generally peaceable. However occasionally specific
markets exhibit high levels of violence. This essay examines the sources that might generate such violence, some internal
to organizations (successional and disciplinary), some between organizations (territorial or transactional) and others between
drug dealers and the state or its representatives. Particular attention is given to the extremely high rates of killing in
the high level Mexican drug markets in 2007–2008 and what motivates the variety of targeted victims, including innocent parties
and corrupt officials. The other episode examined in detail is the US crack market in the 1980s. The emphasis here is on the
youth of the participants, the value of the drug itself and the intensity of law enforcement.
Peter Andreas and Joel Wallman made helpful suggestions. The discussion of US markets is adapted from MacCoun et al. [ 16].
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17.
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
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18.
The (Sorensen and Pilgrim, An actuarial risk assessment of violence posed by capital murder defendants. J Crim Law Criminol
90:1251–1270, 2000) actuarial model was developed to predict institutional violence among life-sentenced murderers. However, despite its presentation
at capital sentencing, the model has not been validated on death row inmates specifically. This study examined the association
between Sorensen and Pilgrim model scores and five types of institutional violence (serious assaults, minor assaults, verbal
assault/threats, prison order offenses, and non-violent infractions) among a sample of 155 individuals who had been incarcerated
on death row in Texas. Results revealed that risk scores performed better for non-violent infractions than for serious assaults,
calling into question the utility of this measure for capital sentencing evaluations.
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19.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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20.
The current study examined the susceptibility of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—2nd edition (ABAS-II; Harrison &
Oakland, 2003) and the Scales of Independent Behavior—Revised (S1B-R; Bruininks, Woodcock, Weatherman, & Hill, 1996) to the feigning of adaptive functioning deficits. Using four different instruction sets, the authors evaluated whether the
provision of diagnostic information (a form of coaching) improved participants’ ability to simulate adaptive deficits commensurate
with a diagnosis of mental retardation. The authors found that the ABAS-II was quite vulnerable to believable manipulation
by raters, while the SIB-R was not. In fact, exaggeration on the SIB-R was easily detected regardless of the information provided.
Implications regarding the use of these measures in Atkins mental retardation evaluations are discussed.
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