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1.
Sarah Khasalamwa-Mwandha 《Development in Practice》2019,29(3):314-325
The civil war in Northern Uganda in the period 1986–2006 fundamentally altered former ways of life and created diverse and complex needs. Protracted conflict and displacement create, reveal, and enforce vulnerability, which can undermine resilience. Based on in-depth interviews with internally displaced persons and returnees, both before and after their return to Amuru District and Gulu District, this article argues that war and displacement constitute more than a temporary disruption. The physical and social wounds of war are engraved and embedded in people’s lives. Therefore, recovery interventions must take these effects into account to forge a new post-war future. 相似文献
2.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(4):448-459
This paper examines Congolese children's experiences of war and displacement in the context of the material, social, and relational aspects of their lives in Dar es Salaam. It argues that the challenges, privations and indignities of daily life in urban Tanzania were characterised by feelings of loss, deprivation and hardship so intense they were felt by many to be as or more devastating in their brutality than was life in the midst of war. In so doing, the paper raises profound questions about what kind of ‘protection’ we are providing to children in these circumstances, and for what purpose. Au-delà de la guerre : la «souffrance» parmi les enfants congolais déplacées de Dar es Salaam Cet article examine les expériences des enfants congolais relatives à la guerre et au déplacement dans le contexte des aspects matériels, sociaux et relationnels de leur vie à Dar es Salaam. Il soutient que les défis, privations et indignités de la vie quotidienne en Tanzanie urbaine se caractérisaient par des sentiments de perte, de privation et de difficultés si intenses qu'ils étaient ressentis par beaucoup comme aussi ou plus dévastateurs dans leur brutalité que la vie au milieu de la guerre. Ce faisant, l'article soulève de profondes questions sur la sorte de « protection » que nous offrons aux enfants dans ces circonstances, et à quelle fin. Além da guerra: “sofrimento” entre as crianças congolesas desalojadas em Dar es Salaam Este artigo examina as experiências das crianças congolesas frente à guerra e ao desalojamento no contexto dos aspectos materiais, sociais e de relacionamento de suas vidas em Dar es Salaam. Argumenta-se que os desafios, privações e a indignidade da vida cotidiana na zona urbana da Tanzânia eram caracterizados por sentimento de perda, privação e dificuldades tão intensas que foram sentidos por muitos como tão ou mais devastadores em sua brutalidade do que a vida no meio da própria guerra. Ao fazer isto, o artigo levanta questões profundas sobre qual a finalidade e que tipo de “proteção” estamos oferecendo às crianças nessas circunstâncias. Más allá de la guerra: el ‘sufrimiento’ de los niños y niñas congoleños desplazados en Dar es Salaam Este ensayo analiza las experiencias de la guerra y el desplazamiento de niños y niñas congoleños en Dar es Salaam, en los aspectos material, social y relacional de sus vidas. El ensayo revela que muchos niños y niñas describieron los desafíos, las privaciones y la indignidad de sus vidas cotidianas en las zonas urbanas de Tanzania con expresiones de pérdida, privación y dificultad aún más dramáticas que la brutalidad que experimentaron durante la guerra. El ensayo plantea interrogantes sobre el tipo de “protección” que se está ofreciendo a los niños y niñas en estas circunstancias y para qué. 相似文献
3.
Land-use planning, although a mechanism for development, can also generate insecurity during its implementation. This article argues that tenure security and land-use planning should not be implemented in isolation from each other. It posits that land-use planning – rather than restricting the security of people's tenure – has the potential to serve as a means of securing tenure. The article explores tenure (in)security elements in land-use planning as a crucial challenge in the urban town of Gelan Sidama Awash, Ethiopia. Using data collected through stakeholders’ interviews, it uncovers their tenure security challenges, and outlines a set of measures for enhancing tenure security through land-use planning. 相似文献
4.
High dependency on natural resources in post-conflict Goma caused severe damages to Virunga National Park (VNP) and Kivu Lake. Understanding the impacts of conflict on livelihoods and conservation activities is paramount in Goma. The main reasons for resource degradation here are heightened insecurity, theft, and uncertainty, which limit the use of far off land for agriculture. Consequently, most people depended on forest products and fish from protected areas, thereby causing higher risks of depletion of fish and park resources. High population density, few livelihoods alternatives, unpredictability, and weak state apparatus remain serious issues to be considered in resource conservation.
La dépendance aux ressources naturelles : les défis d'après-conflit pour la sécurité des moyens d'existence et pour la durabilité environnementale à Goma, République Démocratique du Congo
La haute dépendance aux ressources naturelles à Goma pendant la période après-conflit a provoqué des dégâts sévères au Parc National de Virunga (VNP) et au Lac Kivu. Il est de la plus haute importance que l'on comprenne les effets du conflit sur les moyens d'existence et sur les activités écologiques à Goma. Les causes principales de la diminution des ressources dans cette région sont une augmentation de l'insécurité, des vols, et l'incertitude ; ces facteurs réduisent l'exploitation de terres lointaines pour l'agriculture. Par conséquent, la plupart des gens comptaient sur ce qu'ils trouvaient dans les forêts et sur les poissons pêchés dans les zones protégées, ce qui a mené un risque élevé de diminution des ressources aquatiques et territoriales au parc national. La densité de la population, le manque d'autres moyens d'existence, l'imprévisibilité et la faiblesse de l'appareil de l'Etat restent des questions primordiales pour la protection des ressources.
Dependencia en los recursos naturales: retos del post-conflicto para la seguridad de los medios de vida y la sostenibilidad ambiental en Goma, República Democrática del Congo
En el escenario post-conflicto de Goma, se creó una fuerte dependencia de los recursos naturales, la cual provocó daños severos al Parque Nacional de Virunga y al Lago Kivu. Resulta de fundamental importancia comprender los impactos que los conflictos producen en los medios de sustento y en las actividades de conservación en Goma. La creciente inseguridad, el robo y la incertidumbre constituyen las razones principales de la degradación de los recursos debido a que inhiben el uso de tierras lejanas para la agricultura. En consecuencia, la mayoría de las personas depende de productos forestales y de la pesca en áreas protegidas, situación que provoca el aumento del riesgo tanto del agotamiento de peces como de los recursos del parque. Las políticas orientadas a la conservación de los recursos tendrán que considerar, además, otros temas graves, como lo son la alta densidad poblacional, las pocas alternativas para generar ingresos, la incertidumbre y la débil presencia del Estado.
Dependência de recursos naturais: desafios pós-conflito para a segurança dos meios de subsistência e sustentabilidade ambiental em Goma, República Democrática do Congo
A alta dependência de recursos naturais em Goma, no pós-conflito, causou graves prejuízos para o Virunga National Park (VNP) e Kivu Lake. Compreender os impactos do conflito sobre os meios de subsistência e atividades de conservação é algo crucial em Goma. As principais razões para a degradação dos recursos aqui são o aumento da insegurança, roubo e incerteza, o que limita o uso de terras distantes para a agricultura. Consequentemente, a maioria das pessoas dependia de produtos florestais e de peixe de áreas protegidas, causando assim maior risco de escassez de peixes e de recursos do parque. A alta densidade populacional, as poucas alternativas de meios de subsistência, a imprevisibilidade e o fraco aparato do estado permanecem sendo questões sérias que devem ser consideradas para a conservação de recursos. 相似文献
5.
Asmita Kabra 《Development in Practice》2018,28(2):269-279
This article presents a case study of development practice based on the author’s experience of designing a livelihood restoration plan and monitoring its implementation. The plan was based on safeguard standards of a multilateral development bank that funded a private sector renewable energy project on land belonging to a vulnerable community in Central India. Illustrating the challenges faced in implementing and monitoring this plan and the reasons for its failure, the article argues that a complex set of institutional and individual relationships determine the way in which safeguard policies are translated into practice by diverse and interrelated actors. 相似文献
6.
This practical note outlines Concern's approach to pro-poor budget analysis using the case of the Kenya Free Primary Education (FPE) policy. Analysis conducted on the outcomes of the FPE policy for Nairobi's urban slum-based poor suggests that the policy is not being implemented evenly within the city. The reasons stem from poor allocation and planning approaches, to political interference and unwillingness of teachers to work in slum-based schools. These have the unintended effect of increasing inequities for the urban poor, the reverse of the policy intention. The note outlines the pitfalls and practicalities of conducting this type of analysis. 相似文献
7.
Cynthia M. Caron 《Development in Practice》2018,28(7):872-883
This article examines activities undertaken by civil society organisations in Zambia to create gender-transformative change in customary tenure systems. It is based on primary data collected through interviews and group discussions with NGO representatives, lawyers and women’s rights advocates, chiefs, women leaders, and local community members. The findings show that organisations pursue change by leveraging global and national frameworks and discourses and working with traditional authorities, local magistrates, men and women at the village level. Promoting gender transformative change requires multi-level networking and working across hierarchies of power that extend from the household to the state. 相似文献
8.
Andrea Rigon 《Development in Practice》2018,28(2):195-207
Improving the well-being of Nigerians is the aim of Nigeria Vision 20:2020, the key development policy document in Nigeria. However, as well-being is an emerging and contested concept, this article explores how the well-being of urban citizens is understood in Nigeria, and identifies key trends affecting urban well-being as expressed by a selection of strategic elite stakeholders in Nigerian society. These included senior civil servants and politicians, and various senior members of civil society groups and academia. The analysis also reveals characteristics underpinning policies for urban well-being. 相似文献
9.
Mohammed Sulemana Bukari Francis Issahaku Malongza Mohammed Abdulai 《Development in Practice》2019,29(4):437-447
This article assesses the contribution of the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme in reducing rural poverty in the Karaga district of Northern Ghana, using a mixed research design to compare the livelihoods of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. It concludes that the programme is contributing to poverty reduction among the poor and vulnerable, and recommends that school children benefiting from LEAP should be exempted from paying extra expenses such as examination and PTA fees. There should also be a system to provide subsidies for agriculture inputs to enable beneficiaries to engage in agriculture to promote longer term poverty alleviation. 相似文献
10.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(4):510-522
This article explores divergent perspectives on female early marriage and genital modification in Ethiopia. It contrasts international norms and research evidence with local understandings, the latter focusing on the part these practices play in securing family social heritage, well-being of girls, and their transition to adulthood. The article explains the persistence of these practices in the face of campaigns to eliminate them and questions assumptions behind the international child protection model. It points to unintended adverse consequences of interventions that do not pay sufficient regard to local meanings and social relations, and suggests how policy might be approached differently. Protection de l'enfance et pratiques traditionnelles préjudiciables : mariage précoce et modification génitale parmi les filles en Éthiopie Cet article traite des points de vue divergents du mariage précoce et de la modification génitale en Éthiopie. Il met en contraste les normes internationales et les données de recherches avec les points de vue locaux, ces données se concentrant sur le rôle joué par ces pratiques au moment d'assurer l'héritage social des familles, le bien-être des filles et leur transition vers l’âge adulte. Cet article explique la persistance de ces pratiques dans le contexte des campagnes en vue de les éliminer et met en question les suppositions étayant le modèle international de protection de l'enfance. Il met en relief les conséquences négatives imprévues des interventions qui n'accordent pas une attention suffisante aux significations et aux rapports sociaux locaux et suggère d'autres approches possibles des politiques publiques. Proteção infantil e práticas tradicionais prejudiciais: casamento precoce de mulheres e modificação genital na Etiópia Este artigo explora perspectivas divergentes sobre o casamento precoce de mulheres e modificação genital na Etiópia. Ele contrasta normas internacionais e evidências de pesquisas com a compreensão local, esta última focalizando o papel que essas práticas desempenham em assegurar a herança social familiar, bem-estar das meninas e sua transição para a maturidade. O artigo explica a persistência dessas práticas em face das campanhas para eliminá-las e questiona os pressupostos que estão por trás do modelo de proteção infantil internacional. São apontadas as consequências adversas não pretendidas das intervenções que não dão atenção suficiente aos significados e às relações sociais locais, sugerindo como a política poderia ser abordada diferentemente. Protección de la niñez y prácticas tradicionales dañinas: el matrimonio precoz de mujeres y la modificación genital en Etiopía Este ensayo analiza las distintas opiniones que existen sobre el matrimonio precoz y la modificación genital en Etiopía. Se comparan las normas internacionales y los resultados de investigaciones con la forma en que las personas locales entienden estos fenómenos, enfocando esta última en el papel que juegan estas prácticas para asegurar el posicionamiento social de la familia, el bienestar de las jóvenes y su transición a la edad adulta. Este ensayo explica porqué persisten estas costumbres a pesar de las campañas para eliminarlas y plantea preguntas sobre los supuestos en los que se basa el modelo internacional de protección de la niñez. Advierte sobre las consecuencias adversas no deseadas que resultan de acciones que no toman en cuenta los significados locales y las relaciones sociales, y plantea cómo las políticas sobre el tema podrían abordase de modo diferente. 相似文献
11.
Despite the 1994 genocide there has been annual growth in Rwanda every year since 2000. Poverty has decreased; while the MDG target of 23.8% is unlikely to be met by 2015, the future looks hopeful. The goal of reducing hunger is measured by underweight children – already down to target – and extreme poverty – likely to hit the target. Key to success is reducing dependency on the land, but a majority of the population still depend on their farm or plot. However, hitting targets for reducing poverty is not the same thing as abolishing it, and achieving targets does not necessarily solve problems. 相似文献
12.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(8):1135-1146
This paper looks beyond the dominant view of access to water – defined as coverage. It shows that, while the spread of improved water sources has widened, problems of affordability, quality, distribution, and reliability (“deep access”) are pervasive. In turn, it argues that declarations about water in international development discourse such as “access to water has increased” can be misleading. Development in practice must look beyond “wide” to “deep” meanings of access to water. Au-delà de l'accès à l'eau Cet article va au-delà de la manière dominante de voir l'accès à l'eau – à savoir la couverture. Il montre que, bien que l'accès à l'éventail de sources d'eau améliorées se soit élargi, les problèmes liés au caractère abordable, à la qualité, à la distribution et la fiabilité (« accès profond ») sont omniprésents. Il soutient ensuite que les déclarations concernant l'eau dans le discours du développement international, comme « l'accès à l'eau a augmenté », peuvent être trompeuses. Le développement dans la pratique doit aller au-delà du sens « large » de l'accès à l'eau pour se pencher sur son sens « profond ». Além do acesso a água Este artigo vai além da visão dominante do acesso à água – definida como cobertura. Ele mostra que, embora o acesso a mais fontes de água tenha se ampliado, problemas de acessibilidade de preço, qualidade, distribuição e confiabilidade (“acesso profundo”) são frequentes. Por sua vez, ele argumenta que declarações sobre a água no discurso de desenvolvimento internacional, como por exemplo o “acesso à água tem aumentado”, podem ser enganosas. O desenvolvimento na prática deve ir além do significado “amplo” em direção ao significado “profundo” do acesso à água. Más allá del acceso al agua Aunque en general, el acceso al agua se aborda desde la cobertura, en este ensayo se trata desde un punto de vista distinto. Se demuestra que, si bien el acceso al agua se ha extendido, persisten problemas de costos, calidad, distribución y confiabilidad (“acceso real”). Asimismo, se plantea que las declaraciones sobre el agua que se manejan en el discurso internacional sobre el desarrollo –por ejemplo, “ha aumentado el acceso al agua” – pueden ser engañosas. El desarrollo en la práctica deberá centrarse más en la dimensión “real” del acceso al agua que en el “alcance”. 相似文献
13.
Patrick Milabyo Kyamusugulwa Dorothea Hilhorst Gemma Van Der Haar 《Development in Practice》2014,24(7):812-826
Community-driven reconstruction (CDR) has become a new paradigm in post-conflict development. It combines infrastructure restoration with introducing good governance at the local level. Recent evaluations show that governance objectives are not easily met and significant change cannot be demonstrated. This paper adds to this argument on the basis of ethnographic research on a CDR programme in eastern DRC. It seeks to find explanations for the lack of demonstrable governance impact in the content and implementation of training. It identifies room for improvement by better adjusting capacity building to locally prevailing accountability mechanisms and by coordinating capacity building with other development programmes. 相似文献
14.
Universal health coverage has been given a prominent place in the post-2015 global development agenda, but there are concerns over its feasibility in low- and middle-income countries. This article assesses successive Zambian governments’ efforts to achieve this agenda. We discuss the recent restructuring of health governance to support policies that re-emphasise the social determinants of health and health equity. This includes a new Ministry of Community Development and Mother and Child Health alongside the Ministry of Health. We argue that recent innovations in policy and practice need to be extended to include ministries which focus on economic development. 相似文献
15.
Norman Mukasa 《Development in Practice》2017,27(3):354-367
The protracted LRA war in northern Uganda was characterised by the abduction and abuse of an unknown but significant number of girls and women. These girls were forced to carry guns and become wives to rebels, among other roles during captivity. Based on thirteen child mothers’ interviews and eight key informant interviews, the study found that the lives of formerly abducted mothers are tainted with stigma, rejection, and discrimination by in-laws, relatives, and the community, which leads to identity problems and limited possibilities for their integration. Child mothers’ return to school, small business engagement, and social involvement reduced their plight. 相似文献
16.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(4):460-472
This paper critically examines policy in Benin against child trafficking. Drawing on interviews and participant observation with adolescent labour migrants and their communities, it problematises both the assumptions underpinning anti-trafficking policy and the appropriateness of the initiatives that comprise it. It suggests that, in order truly to protect the young labour migrants defined as trafficked, the policymaking establishment needs to focus more closely on the structural economic underpinnings of migration and exploitation, and to adopt a more participatory approach to policymaking. Protéger les enfants de la traite au Bénin : la nécessité de politiques publiques et de participation Cet article examine dans un esprit critique les politiques du Bénin de lutte contre la traite des enfants. Grâce à des entretiens et l'observation des participants avec des travailleurs migrants et leurs communautés respectives, il problématise à la fois les suppositions qui étayent les politiques publiques de lutte contre la traite et le caractère approprié des initiatives que ces politiques englobent. Il suggère qu'afin de vraiment protéger les jeunes travailleurs migrants définis comme victimes de la traite, les instances chargées de formuler les politiques publiques doivent se concentrer davantage sur les bases structurelles économiques de la migration et de l'exploitation et adopter une approche plus participative de la formulation de politiques. Protegendo crianças do tráfico em Benin: necessidade de políticas e participação Este artigo examina criticamente a política em Benin contra o tráfico de crianças. Baseando-se em entrevistas e observação participante com imigrantes trabalhadores adolescentes e suas comunidades, o artigo problematiza os pressupostos que apóiam a política anti-tráfico e a adequação das iniciativas que a compõem. O artigo sugere que, para proteger verdadeiramente os jovens imigrantes trabalhadores definidos como vítimas do tráfico, a formulação de políticas precisa concentrar-se mais na base econômica estrutural da imigração e da exploração, e adotar uma abordagem mais participativa na formulação de políticas. La protección de la niñez ante el tráfico de personas en Benín: la necesidad de políticas públicas y participación Este ensayo hace un examen crítico de las políticas contra el tráfico de niños y niñas en Benín. Basado en entrevistas a adolescentes que migran en busca de trabajo y en la observación directa en sus comunidades, el ensayo cuestiona tanto los supuestos que subyacen tras las políticas contra el tráfico como si las acciones emprendidas son o no adecuadas. El ensayo demuestra que, para que la protección de los jóvenes trabajadores migrantes en situación de tráfico sea eficaz, los responsables políticos tendrán que atender con más empeño las causas económicas y estructurales de la migración y la explotación y tendrán que impulsar métodos más participativos para la elaboración de políticas. 相似文献
17.
Sunet Jordaan Ruth Stewart Yvonne Erasmus Louis Maluwa Janine Mitchell Laurenz Langer 《Development in Practice》2018,28(4):456-467
This article is based on the consensus that the availability and utilisation of research enhances policy discussions. The article reflects on the experiences within one approach: capacity building through mentoring. The UJ-BCURE programme aimed to increase the capacity of decision-makers to use evidence in decision-making via mentoring models. Mentoring is described as an interactive, facilitated process that promotes learning. The features of the models that have contributed to the programme’s success are orientation workshops with mentees combined with participatory, needs-led, and flexible approaches. UJ-BCURE experiences are relevant to the field of evidence-informed decision-making in an African government context. 相似文献
18.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(5-6):792-802
This paper describes attempts in Nigeria and Tanzania to build the capacity of selected religious organisations to participate in policy consultation processes, by strengthening their ability to speak effectively to governments on behalf of poor communities. These attempts arose out of enquiries into the limited involvement of faith-based organisations in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper processes which were a condition of debt relief. Two pilot projects, one in each country, set out to foster inter-faith networks for cooperation and resource sharing, increase skills in data collection and use the evidence gathered to put forward constructive proposals for future policy and practice aimed especially at poverty reduction. The submissions to government prepared by the participating organisations did appear to reflect the voices of the poor, and a workable model for future engagement in policy processes by faith-based organisations emerged from the pilot projects, although replicating it more widely is likely to depend on further external support. Renforcement de la voix des pauvres : engagement des organisations religieuses dans les processus de consultation en matière de politiques publiques au Nigéria et en Tanzanie Ce document décrit les tentatives faites au Nigéria et en Tanzanie afin de développer la capacité d'organisations religieuses sélectionnées à participer aux processus de consultation sur les politiques publiques, en renforçant leur capacité à parler efficacement aux gouvernements au nom des communautés pauvres. Ces tentatives ont émané de demandes portant sur la participation limitée des organisations à base religieuse aux processus d’élaboration des Documents de stratégie pour la réduction de la pauvreté, qui étaient une condition de l'allègement de la dette. Deux projets pilotes, un dans chaque pays, cherchaient à renforcer les réseaux inter-religieux en vue de la coopération et du partage des ressources, à améliorer les compétences de collecte de données et à utiliser les données ainsi recueillies pour présenter des propositions constructives pour les politiques et les pratiques futures visant précisément la réduction de la pauvreté. Les documents préparés par les organisations participantes et présentés aux gouvernements semblaient de fait bien retransmettre les voix des pauvres, et un modèle utilisable pour un engagement futur dans des processus de politique par les organisations à base religieuse a découlé des projets pilotes, mais leur reproduction à une échelle plus large dépendra probablement d'un soutien externe plus important. Fortalecendo a voz dos pobres: o engajamento de organizações religiosas nos processos de consulta sobre políticas na Nigéria e Tanzânia Este artigo descreve as tentativas na Nigéria e na Tanzânia de capacitar organizações religiosas selecionadas para participarem nos processos de consultas sobre políticas, fortalecendo sua habilidade de falar efetivamente com governos em nome das comunidades pobres. Estas tentativas surgiram de perguntas sobre o envolvimento limitado de Organizações Baseadas na Fé nos processos do Documento de Estratégia de Redução da Pobreza que foram uma condição para a redução da dívida. Dois projetos-piloto, um em cada país, criados para promover redes inter-fé para cooperação e compartilhamento de recursos, aumentam as habilidades para coleta de dados e uso de evidências reunidas para apresentação de propostas construtivas para políticas e práticas futuras destinadas especialmente à redução da pobreza. As submissões ao governo preparadas pelas organizações participantes parecem realmente refletir a voz dos pobres, e um modelo viável para engajamento futuro nos processos de políticas de organizações baseadas na fé surgiu de projetos-piloto, embora seja provável que reproduzir isto mais amplamente dependa de suporte externo adicional. Fortaleciendo la voz de los pobres: la participación de organizaciones religiosas en el proceso de consultas sobre políticas públicas en Nigeria y Tanzania Este ensayo describe las acciones realizadas en Nigeria y Tanzania para potenciar la participación de varias organizaciones religiosas en las consultas sobre políticas públicas. Se fortalecieron sus habilidades para dialogar con los gobiernos en nombre de las comunidades pobres. Estas acciones derivan de estudios sobre la limitada participación de las organizaciones basadas en la fe en los procesos de la Estrategia para la Reducción de la Pobreza, —condición necesaria para recibir apoyos para la deuda. Dos proyectos piloto, uno en cada país, impulsaron la creación de redes ecuménicas para la cooperación y el uso colectivo de recursos y aumentaron habilidades para la recopilación de datos y el uso de información de cara a presentar propuestas de políticas y prácticas futuras dirigidas especialmente a la reducción de la pobreza. Todo indica que las presentaciones al gobierno de las organizaciones participantes incorporaron las voces de los pobres. Asimismo, de los proyectos piloto emergió un modelo para la futura participación de las organizaciones basadas en la fe en los procesos políticos; sin embargo, su réplica sin duda dependerá de la continuidad del apoyo externo. 相似文献
19.
This article examines the structure of the Malian fertiliser value chain and its performance in the context of the national subsidy programme, drawing on a review of the literature, farm household survey, and interviews with fertiliser suppliers. It finds that participants in the subsidy programme use more fertiliser and have significantly higher yields. The number of wholesalers and retailers has risen, but procurement remains concentrated. Poor fertiliser quality is a recurrent problem. The high cost of the programme raises questions regarding its sustainability. Mixed performance reflects the need for better monitoring and evaluation, and transparency in the programme. 相似文献
20.
Ibaba Samuel Ibaba 《Development in Practice》2011,21(2):244-254
This article examines the interdependence between corruption, violations of human rights, and conflict in the Niger Delta. It is argued that corruption-induced violations have triggered conflicts that have become cyclical. The article sets out a theoretical context against which to examine the interface between corruption, human-rights violation, and conflict in the Delta, and calls for the integration of the fight against corruption into the peace-building process in the Niger Delta. 相似文献