充分发挥地方税收职能作用为实施新战略提供税收服务和财力保障

哈尔滨市地方税务局于1994年9月正式组建,依法行使税收管理权。主要职能是依法筹集财政收入、调节经济、调节收入分配。目前.担负着对14个税种(营业税、企业所得税、资源税、城市维护建设税、房产税、土地使用税、印花税、车船税、土地增值税、个人所得税、契税、耕地占用税、投资方向     

关于加强政府非税收管理的思考

随着国民经济和社会各项事业的发展,政府非税收入规模不断扩大、结构不断变化,政府非税收入已成为国家财政收入的重要组成部分和我国经济建设的重要财力支柱,迫切需要我们在理论上重新认识政府非税收入的性质、特点和范围,在实践中规范其管理,使其在经济建设和各项社会事业发展中发挥应有的作用。本文拟就此问题谈点个人初浅的看法和意见。     

“营改增”之后地方税体系建设的探讨

随着营业税改增值税(以下简称"营改增")的快速推进,地方税的税种结构将发生变化。论文通过分析"营改增"对地方税征管工作的影响,提出了完善地方税体系建设的路线图。近期目标是调整增值税收入分配体制,保证地方财权和事权相匹配;中期目标是建立消费税为主体的地方税体系,合并车辆购置税成为地方税的主体税种;远期目标是构建财产行为税为主体的地方税体系,将房地产税作为地方主体税种;并加强个人所得税、资源税和环境保护税等税种的改革与完善,以弥补主体税种收入规模的不足。     

我国将对个人所得税加大征管力度

随着我国经济的发展以及税务制度的完善与加强,作为增加国家财政收入、调节社会成员收入分配的个人所得税展示出了巨大的潜力。在1997年刚刚过去的税收宣传月中,个人所得税作为宣传重点再次引起人们的普遍关注。据记者从国家税务总局了解,自80年代正式开征的个人所得税获得了巨大发展,收入由1981年的500万发展到1996年的193.06亿,1996年增幅超过GDP和工商税收的增幅,达到46.8％,是继1994年税制改革以来又一个快速增长年。个人所得税占工商税收的比重上升到了3％,在一些地方甚至成为主要税种,如在北京地方税收中个人所得税收入已达到了第二位。据行内人士预测,1997年个人所得税收入将会再上一个台阶,突破200亿。     

政府非税收入管理制度创新研究

政府非税收入是财政收入的重要组成部分,长期以来,大量政府非税收入游离于预算管理体系之外,人为地肢解了财政职能,降低了资金的使用效率,并成为经济秩序混乱、滋生腐败的主要根源.随着社会主义市场经济条件下公共财政框架的建立,财政改革的逐步深入,必须加强政府非税收入管理,树立政府非税收入的新理念.     

会计核算中心应坚决退出"收费"这个传统会计领域

预算外收费资金管理一直是个热点、难点问题,中央及地方各级政府三令五申,先后下发加强"收支两条线"、"非税收入"管理等文件,要求各单位严格执行,但总有一些单位千方百计、想尽办法,企图利用会计核算中心挤占挪用收费资金,为小团体及个人谋私利,我主要从以下几方面论证了核算中心退出收费的种种好处及不退出的巨大危害性,结论认为各级核算中心要对此足够重视,从速、从快,不能有任何犹豫地退出收费领域,为加强非税收入管理及从源头上杜绝腐败做出更大的贡献.     

中国总体税负过重

近期,有3件事引发国人热议:其一,国家税务总局宣布,2010年全国税收收入达到77390亿元,再加上政府前11个月的非税收入8408亿元,全国财政收入轻松超过了8.5万亿元;其二,坊间流传很久的房产税已     

入世将怎样影响中国财政

加入世贸组织将对中国经济产生广泛、深刻的影响。财政是国民经济的综合反映,入世对中国经济的影响势必会在相当程度上传导到财政方面。关税减让与未来关税收入变化趋势 自改革开放以来,随着对外贸易的不断扩大,我国关锐收入逐年增加,在整个财政收入中的比重一般都保持在4—6％之间,在中央财政收入中比重更高。因此,关税收入状况如何,对国宏财政的宏观调控     

财政收入与政府行为

从地方财政收入的视角,解释了改革开放以来尤其是20世纪90年代以来支撑中国经济快速发展的地方政府行为模式,揭示了发展型政府的行动逻辑,并通过比较制度分析,探讨了服务型政府的税收基础。主张地方财政收入的制度安排是导致政府行为差异的重要变量。     

关于综合财政预算改革的思考

综合财政预算的改革始发于实践中预算内外资金“两张皮”的问题。长期以来，我们的财政管理体制将国家财政资金划分为预算内资金和预算外资金两大块，其中预算内资金按预算法规进行规范管理，而预算外资金则由各部门各单位自行收取、管理和使用。改革开放以来，随着经济体制改革的不断深入和财权逐级下放，预算外资金迅速发展，特别是１９９４年财政体制重大调整后，预算外资金的项目大大增加，规模也急剧扩大，已经成为地方的重要财力。预算外资金的高速增长，给地方带来了大量的补充财力，在经济建设和各项事业发展中发挥了一定的作用。但…     

转移支付对地方财政收入稳定效应的实证分析——基于中国省市县三级面板数据

从理论上讲,政府间转移支付可以作为稳定政策工具发挥作用。尤其自1994年以来,中央对地方的转移支付已成为地方各级政府重要的财政收入来源,然而,对于转移支付在财政收入稳定性方面发挥的作用,无论是政策制定者和学术研究者均没有注意到。为此,本文利用1993-2005年中国7个省861个县（区）的财政面板数据,把偏离趋势值变动的比率作为因变量,运用固定效应模型和Prais-Winsten模型或者Cochrane-Oreutt模型,实证分析了转移支付对省、市、县（区）财政收入稳定效应。实证结果表明转移支付对省、市、县（区）财政收入有较大的拉动作用,而且当财政收入处于下降阶段时,转移支付的稳定效应更加明显。所以,有必要重新反思政府间转移支付的目标,将其稳定作用纳入政策制订目标和实施效果的考虑范围,并考虑把转移支付作为稳定地方财政的一种政策工具。     

Budgeting during a Recession Phase of the Business Cycle: The Georgia Experience

This article describes the impact of the nation-wide recession on Georgia revenue and spending decisions in the 2002 and 2003 fiscal years. The state's strong economy and conservative revenue estimating practices historically provided a hedge against revenue shortfalls during a recession phase of the business cycle. However, when state revenue collections for FY 2002 were 5 percent less than collections for the prior fiscal year, several gap-closing measures became necessary, including state agency spending reductions and substitution of bond proceeds for tax revenues. These revenue and expenditure gap-closing measures were intended to enable the governor to achieve his policy initiatives while maintaining a balanced budget. The state's Rainy Day Fund remained full and was held in reserve for budget balancing in FY 2004, if necessary. Budget balancing during the current recession has been made possible by the state's practice of not overcommitting to program increases and tax cuts during the expansion phase of the business cycle, and by effectively framing the issue of fiscal restraint.     

马克思分配正义语境中的税收调节理论及其现实指导意义

按照马克思主义的分配正义理论，按劳分配中的不公平仍然需要政府进行调剂；一定的扣除和分配必须通过政府的权威性以及立法的形式来实施，而税收是唯一通过法的形式来筹集财政收入的渠道；“按劳分配”与“按需分配”的实现都需要发挥税收的调节作用，真正的按劳分配通过税收的调节和相应的社会保障、转移支付等措施必然会导致共同富裕；但税收的征收应体现公平，应采取量能负担的原则，收入多者多缴税，还应考虑家庭人口的多少，相比利润、公债等形式，税收在调节收入分配上具有不可替代的作用；税收调节的最终目标是社会公平，而其中，直接税比间接税对高收入者的调节作用更大等。这对税收政策的制定和新一轮税制改革具有重要的指导意义。税制改革的目标应由以往的效率激励向公平、正义、有序转变。加快推进以调节收入再分配为导向的直接税体系建设，构建以完善的个人所得税为主体，以财产税和社会保障税为两翼，其他税种相互协调配合的税制体系，完善鼓励公益捐赠的税收激励机制。     

中国地方财政稳定机制研究

传统财政理论认为,中央政府是稳定政策唯一合适的承担者,然而,Gramlich得出地方政府的财政政策至少在短期内是有效的结论,并提倡地方政府实施稳定的财政政策。本文利用1995—2008年中国30个省、市、自治区(西藏除外)的财政收支面板数据和GDP面板数据,运用固定效应模型和Prais-Winsten PCSE方法实证分析了地方财政收支行为与宏观经济波动的关系,得出在宏观经济处于繁荣阶段时,地方财政收支违反了"逆周期"操作规则,是"顺周期"的结论。认为,地方政府职能转变不到位,财政纪律松弛,财政约束缺失,以及《预算法》的缺陷是导致"顺周期"的原因。为此,本文最后提出了通过建立地方财政预算稳定基金和中期预算制度,修订预算法等相关措施来构建中国地方财政稳定机制的设想。     

Do housing bubbles generate fiscal bubbles?

This paper examines the effects of the most recent U.S. housing bubble on the fiscal policy of California cities. We use an instrumental variables approach that helps isolate the fiscal consequences of house price appreciation by taking advantage of the influence of local topological constraints on the elasticity of house prices with respect to interest rates. Our analysis generates three main findings. First, despite Prop 13 fiscal constraints, rapid house price appreciation has a strong effect on property tax revenue. Second, the resulting increase in property tax revenue was largely offset by a reduction in other local tax revenue. This offsetting response leaves total city expenditure unrelated to local house prices. In that sense the housing bubble did not produce local fiscal bubbles. Third, we find that fiscal adjustments to house price appreciation depend on local political institutions.     

Tax and expenditure limitations and the fiscal relationships between state and local governments

This paper uses comprehensive data on state and local tax and spending limitations for forty-nine states between 1976 and 1990 to estimate the effects of these limits on the fiscal relationships between state and local government. Results indicate that tax and spending limits on local governments are only partially effective in reducing revenues because political agents bypass limitations by transferring revenue reliance to unconstrained revenue sources, or because unconstrained levels of government take on additional revenue responsibilities. In particular, the empirical analysis demonstrates that binding local government fiscal constraints are associated with reductions in local revenues and increases in state aid to local governments. In contrast, state government limitations are related to reductions in both state and local own source revenues.     

The Impact of Tax Revenue from Capital Gains Realizations on State Income Tax Revenue and Budget Conditions

We explore the effect of the rapid increase in capital gains realizations on state income tax revenue during the 1990s and 2000s, and the effect that this had on state fiscal decisions regarding the use of these revenue. We find wide variation in the growth of capital gains realizations across states and that the growth in capital gains had a significant effect on state income tax revenue for many states. We find that states used a sizable portion of the additional revenue from capital gains to fund reserves in the year the revenue was generated, and that capital gains revenue lead to some reductions in taxes but not to increases in expenditures. The evidence suggests that states were conservative in their use of capital gains related revenues.     

Diversifying Local Government Revenue in Bosnia-Herzegovina Through an Area-Based Property Tax

After a bitter and devastating war, Bosnia and Herzegovina is making slow but steady progress rebuilding its economy and government structure. As normalcy returns, the demand for government services invariably will continue to increase, especially at the sub-entity levels of government. Unfortunately, the current fiscal structure severely restricts the resources available to local governments. This article suggests that Bosnia and Herzegovina consider adopting a property tax as a means to provide much- needed revenue. After describing the current governmental and fiscal system that has evolved since the signing of the Dayton Accords, the authors discuss why an area-based property tax, rather than a more traditional property tax based on capital value or market prices, makes sense for this country in transition.     

Fiscal Capacity and Tax Effort of the American States: Trends and Issues

The author examines the historic context of state taxing power and fiscal capacity, and the current efforts of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations to measure fiscal capacity and tax effort using a Representative Tax System (RTS). The two most commonly used methods of distributing federal aid to states are population and personal income, both incomplete measures of fiscal capacity. RTS estimates how much revenue each state and its localities would raise if it levied the national average tax rate for commonly used state and local taxes. The author considers the strengths and weakness of RTS as a measure of fiscal capacity and examines state rankings and trends since 1975.     

Interaction between federal taxation and horizontal tax competition: theory and evidence from Canada

The aim of this paper is to determine to what extent and how federal taxes affect local tax decisions. Testing the impact of an increase in the federal tax on horizontal tax competition with Canada-US data for 1984–1994, it finds evidence that an increase in federal tax makes horizontal tax reactions weaker. This is because an increase in federal tax raises the cost, in terms of utility of income, of a unit increase in the province’s tax rate. On the methodological side, it is possible to estimate the impact of the federal tax on the fiscal policy of the province without neglecting control for year effects, which cannot be used in the empirical literature because they are perfectly collinear with the federal tax.