印度农业补贴政策及对中国的启示

农产品价格支持政策、农业投入品补贴政策及一般服务支持政策是当前印度农业补贴政策的重要组成部分，在保障印度农产品供应、提升农业生产者和消费者福利水平以及夯实农业发展基础等方面发挥了重要作用，同时，农业补贴在印度经济发展中也存在一些消极作用。本文通过分析印度农业补贴政策的政策架构和实施效果，指出其对我国农业补贴政策的启示。     

长期战争对高句丽的影响

高句丽在立国之初，战争对其国力增长发挥了巨大的作用。本文论述了长期战争与高句丽社会发展之间的矛盾冲突。高句丽长期战争乃是其扩张政策的产物，该政策对高句丽不同时期产生了不同的影响，本文着重论述了长寿王之后高句丽社会结构的变化与其对外扩张政策之间的矛盾冲突以及由此带来的高句丽社会发展的停滞，从而指出长期战争是高句丽灭亡的根本原因。     

美国近期对其外交政策的反思及影响

“９·１１”恐怖袭击事件可视作后冷战格局的“转折点”，世界已进入一个新的时期。美国的对外政策面临新的重大转折，美国国内就美国应如何在国际上发挥恰当的作用等问题展开了激烈的讨论，其影响将是重大而深远的。大国关系的基本框架在可见的将来不会改变，但由于美国在当前和今后一个时期以各国的反恐怖态度作为外交亲疏或敌友的标准，不得不调整其对外政策的轻重缓急，将更多地强调协作、共同利益的一面，暂时将有关争端搁置一边，大国关系将由此出现新的互动。当然这种互动对不同的国家意味着不同的内涵。     

哥伦比亚对外政策的调整

哥伦比亚对外政策的调整徐宝华第二次世界大战以来，随着民族经济的发展，哥伦比亚政府不断调整对外政策，实行独立自主的对外方针，在国际舞台上发挥越来越重要的作用。近几年来，为加速经济发展，哥伦比亚开展一系列经济外交，大力推动拉美地区一体化进程，加强同世界各...     

冷战后的朝鲜半岛问题与中美政策互动

后冷战时代，朝鲜半岛问题的性质已经与冷战时期大不相同，它既取决于南北关系又受制于大国因素，从而构成了朝鲜半岛问题最根本的特点。中美两国的半岛政策及如何界定和协调彼此之间的关系在很大程度上决定了朝鲜半岛局势的发展。核危机的出现使中美双方政策互动得以真实体现，两国的朝鲜半岛政策因双方间广泛的共同利益和共识而实现了初步协调。但两国因维护和平稳定的出发点、理论和实践依据及具体实践方式的不同也导致了彼此间对朝鲜半岛问题战略和策略的分歧。尽可能确保中美两国在战略层面上的良性互动，将有助于各自作用的顺利发挥和朝鲜半岛问题的最终和平解决。     

市场经济与科学技术

市场经济与科学技术既有一致性又有矛盾性，其矛盾性使科学技术发展面临一系列新问题，其中既有科技体制改革方面的问题，又有科技发展战略方面的问题。为此，我们必须在深化改革的过程中，重视法律法规的规范性作用和政策方面的导向性作用，发挥市场经济对科技发展的积极作用，限制其消极作用，并通过科学技术的发展推动社会主义市场经济建设     

美国对台“双轨政策”中的国会因素

台湾问题的根子在美国，其产生、演变与美国有着直接的关系，其最终解决也将在很大程度上受到美国的制约。中美建交后，美国在台湾问题上推行“双轨政策”，力图在两岸关系中获取最大利益。美国国会作为美国特殊政治环境中的最高代议机构和立法机关，在“双轨政策”的形成和发展过程中发挥着不可忽视的作用。     

希拉克政府对外政策趋向

希拉克政府对外政策趋向王燕阁希拉克今年５月当选法国总统后，在对外政策方面采取了一些令人注目的重大行动，显示了他作为戴派领袖的立场和风格，但不是戴高乐主义的简单回归。因为，他要解决的课题是，为法国在冷战后时期继续发挥大国作用，寻求一套行之有效的新外交政...     

利益集团、政治分歧与贸易政策——奥巴马政府对拉美的贸易政策选择

贸易问题引发社会分化和政治分歧,利益集团在贸易政策制定过程中发挥重要作用。大选和国会选举是国内政治结构变化的基本面,为因贸易受损的利益集团提供了有效的政治通道。大选中的贸易政策分歧,是利益集团之争,而非国家利益之争,政策分歧将会通过国内的政治进程加以解决。为赢得劳工组织和拉美裔的选票,奥巴马在贸易问题上采取了较灵活的策略。奥巴马的贸易保护主义主张是协调不同利益集团的政治策略,也是不同利益集团进行讨价还价的过程。     

俄罗斯私有化十五周年回顾

私有化是苏联解体、俄罗斯转轨历程中一项最具影响、根本性的社会变革运动，迄今仍在以不同方式进行着。2007年6月11日是俄罗斯《国家私有化纲要》出台15周年的日子。回首这不长的15年，人们会发现，在俄罗斯推行的一系列市场经济方案中，一些政策作用被明显低估了，而一些政策作用则显然被抬高了，俄罗斯实施的私有化政策就属于后者。     

从铁板一块到市场细分——普京时期俄罗斯对中东欧国家政策

普京入主克里姆林宫之后,俄罗斯改变了对中东欧的政策,不再将中东欧地区视为一个整体,而是根据中东欧国家不同的政治和经济进程以及不同的地缘政治特性,将它们大致划分为3个不同地区,针对不同地区和国家采取差异化政策,并赋予每个地区不同的功能和作用.俄罗斯对中东欧国家"市场细分"的政策已经获得回报.     

试论汉语在泰国语言政策中的地位变迁

汉语是泰国的一门重要外语,在泰国经历了自由发展、被限制打压和当前的迅速发展几个不同阶段。本文旨在梳理不同历史时期汉语在泰国语言政策中不同地位的基础上,指出汉语在泰国语言政策中的地位变化与中泰关系的亲疏程度、汉语工具价值的高低、泰国华人国家认同的变化等因素有密切联系。     

Changing Turkish foreign policy towards Iraq: new tools of engagement

This article proposes that Turkey's foreign policy towards Iraq changed radically after 2007, in response to external challenges and domestic developments. The article analyses how Turkey's role in Iraq has changed on two different levels: firstly, in terms of increased activism and diplomatic engagement, and secondly, in terms of its increased economic involvement, using trade and foreign direct investment as foreign policy tools. These two different modes of engagement have transformed Turkey into a visible player in Iraq.     

Domestic political conflict,issue areas,and some dimensions of foreign policy behavior other than conflict∗

This paper examines the seemingly complex linkage between domestic political conflict and external behavior by broadening our consideration of foreign policy behavior. Underlying this analysis is a view that there are elements of both assertiveness and caution in the political use of foreign policy by domestically threatened leaders. They act assertively to divert attention away from domestic issues and enhance the image of their regime, but at the same time they are likely to show some restraint in order to avoid costly military and economic reactions by foreign actors. It is hypothesized that domestic conflict affects the degree of independence, commitment, and intensity in a nation's foreign policy behavior, but no so much its foreign conflict. Supplementing this, the mediating role of another foreign policy property, substantive issue area, is examined as a means of identifying conditions under which the impact of internal unrest would be greatest. The results of the analysis are mixed, but they do lend credibility to the idea that domestic conflict is related to multiple dimensions of foreign policy. More broadly, they suggest that governments employ different foreign policy strategies in coping with different types of domestic political conflict.     

Grabbing attention: An experimental investigation of headlines during campaigns

In this article, we review two research programs that could benefit from a more extensive dialogue: media and policy studies of agenda setting. We focus on three key distinctions that divide these two robust research programs: the agenda(s) under investigation (public versus policymaking), the typical level of analysis (individual versus systemic), and framing effects (individual versus macro level). We map out these differences and their impacts on understanding the policy process. There is often a policy disconnect in the agenda-setting studies that emanate from the media tradition. Though interested in the effects of political communication, scholars from this tradition often fail to link the media to policy outcomes, policy change, or agenda change. Policy process scholars have increasingly rejected simple linear models in favor of models emphasizing complex feedback effects. This suggests a different role for the media—one of highlighting attributes in a multifaceted political reality and involvement in positive feedback cycles. Yet, political communication scholars have for the most part been insensitive to these potentials. We advocate a shared agenda centering on the role of the media in the political system from an information processing framework, emphasizing the reciprocal effects of each on the other.     

Centralizing Advisory Systems: Presidential Influence and the U.S. Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process

This study is motivated by a simple yet vitally important question for an understanding of U.S. foreign policy. Quite simply, how does a president's choice of management style influence the U.S. foreign policy decision-making process and decision outcomes? Presidents play a critical role in the formulation of U.S. foreign policy; however, the presidential studies literature and foreign policy analysis literature arrive at very different conclusions regarding how presidents influence the policy process and both are often inaccurate. This study develops an Advisory Systems Typology to address how presidents influence the decision-making process. In addressing this question, this study overcomes the deficiencies of both the presidential studies and foreign policy analysis literature. Four different types of decision-making processes are produced by a president's choice of advisory structure and level of centralization. In addition, the study identifies "unstructured solutions" that indicate how the presidential advisers and president choose to resolve policy disagreements, thereby providing an indication of the decision outcome. The identified decision-making processes and their associated decision outcomes are explored using four cases of decision making on security policy drawn from the Nixon (Vietnam War), Carter (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II), Reagan (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks I), and Clinton (Bosnia conflict) administrations. The case studies are constructed using the method of structured–focused comparisons, whereby a set of theoretically based questions and anticipated observations to those questions are made in order to guide the research and allow for comparison of decision making within and between cases.     

The Growing Role of States in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the State Partnership Program

States can and do play an important role in contemporary U.S. foreign policy. This article will discuss the growing role of states through an investigation of the State Partnership Program (SSP). The SSP pairs state National Guards with the militaries of other countries through U.S. military engagement programs. The state-level National Guard then becomes the primary site for implementing U.S. military engagement programs. Both a federalism and decision-making perspective, however, are unable to recognize this role. The decision-making bias of foreign policy analysis affords states a limited international role and minimal influence in shaping the policies of the government toward other countries. An implementation perspective, however, reveals a growing role of states carrying out U.S. foreign policy, including the "high politics" of national security issues. States give decisions meaning through the practice of policy implementation. A detailed case study of the Maryland–Estonia partnership illustrates how an implementation perspective can recognize a growing role of states in shaping U.S. foreign policy.     

Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy?

Are there noticeable differences among political parties in a country over their trade policy positions? Do left parties advocate different trade policies than right parties? In the advanced industrial countries where labor tends to be scarce, are left parties more protectionist than right ones, which represent capital owners? Political institutions within these democratic countries may affect the role of partisanship. We also investigate whether increasing globalization has led to more or less partisan polarization over trade policy. We examine 25 developed countries from 1945 to 1998 to see how their parties have competed over trade policy. Controlling for various factors, partisanship matters. Right parties consistently take more free trade stances than do left ones. Globalization and other international forces have also shaped both the nature and the extent of the domestic debate over exposure to international trade.     

American elites' strategic thinking towards Korea: From Kennan to Brzezinski

America's foreign policy elites have made different assessments of South Korea's value as an alliance partner, largely depending on their strategic beliefs and visions. Balance-of-power realists like George Kennan have tended to let the regional problems be taken care of by the regional major powers, thus attaching less strategic value to such peripheral states as Korea. On the other hand, globalists like Paul Nitze have emphasized America's preponderant role in maintaining global stability, attaching greater importance to the US-Korean alliance. This article investigates the American foreign policy elites' strategic thinking toward Korea by reviewing the thoughts of Kennan, Nitze, Kissinger and Brzezinski. It then draws out implications for the future US defence commitment to Korea.     

States as laboratories: The politics of social welfare policies in India

ABSTRACT

This article examines the role of India’s states in shaping the implementation and framing of social policy within India’s federal system. Since the 2000s, the central government has overseen a substantial expansion of social welfare policies partly through a new push toward rights-based social provision. Yet, it is India’s states that are both responsible for an increasing proportion of total public expenditure on social welfare provision as well as determining the nature and effectiveness of that provision across space. Drawing on a comparative research program across pairs of Indian states, three critical factors explaining how state-level political environments shape social policy are identified: the role of policy legacies in shaping policy frames; the role of social coalitions underpinning political party competition; and the role of political leaders in strengthening state capacity to achieve program goals.