Conservation Law in the USSR

The extensive development of social production in the USSR, and the associated steadily increasing utilization of diverse natural resources in the economy, compel us to intensify our concern for the protection of nature. In recent years, measures have been developed in our country to assure rational utilization and protection of the land, its mineral wealth, waters, forests, and animal life. The protection of nature has become an important state task and the concern of all the people.     

Anti-SLAPP Law Reform in Australia

The last 20 years has seen a growth in litigation against public participation in Australia and a broadening of the mechanisms used. Following changes to the defamation laws in 2005, commercial torts are increasingly being used against critics and protest groups. Australia's highest profile example, the so-called 'Gunns 20' case, brought the problems of such litigation into the public realm and provided a major impetus for law reform. One Australian jurisdiction has now adopted limited anti-Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation (SLAPP) legislation and SLAPPs are being raised in the context of national debates over a Human Rights Act. However, comprehensive anti-SLAPP law reform is still some way off.     

Human Rights Law: Australia and Slovenia

The human rights legal framework of Australia and Slovenia are vastly different. This article explores the evolution of human rights laws of Slovenia and Australia. While the study and comparison of Australia and Slovenia is uncommon, and not often used as an example to highlight aspects of human rights, both states have a long history of cooperation. The first Slovenian reportedly arrived in Australian in 1855. Since then, and particularly following World War Two, there has been a steady stream of Slovenian’s migrating to Australia. Slovenia upon independence prepared a new constitution that reflected the democratic human rights of the European Union, in 1991, and ratified the European Convention on Human rights in 1994. This article highlights how the opportunity Slovenia had to develop a new constitution, they were able to include many human rights that are often found in legislation. Australia’s constitution came into effect in 1901. Being more than 100 years old, there has been no attempts to revise the Australian constitution and expand the current express human rights. This article will determine whether the European Union’s human rights laws have not only influenced Slovenia’s human rights laws, but also Australia’s. This article suggests that Australia has much to learn from the Slovene experience, but is constrained by its constitution and region. This article highlights how a state formed in recent times, has had the opportunity to develop a constitution that reflects modern day human rights while an older state with longer established democracy has fallen behind in its protection of human rights.     

实施中的“软”“硬”之法:规则的不服从与服从

法律在实施中既有执行软弱的问题,也有执行过于刚硬的问题。如何避免执法者和守法者在服从法律规则上的过于僵硬或机械?主要可从两个方面解决:一是处理好原则与规则的适用关系。当规则与原则一致时,先适用具体的规则;当规则与原则不一致时,应优先适用原则。二是公民的抵抗权问题。法律应赋予公民出于道德良知的判断(或特殊行业的执业者出于职业道德)而故意违反现行法律规定的权利。总之,法制应该具有"温情"的一面。     

绿色发展中的环境法实施问题:基于PX事件的微观分析

环境法的实施是当前中国环境法治的核心议题。在环保新常态和推进绿色发展的时代背景下,不应先验地将地方政府视为阻碍环境法实施的消极因素,而是需要从微观视角出发进行更为细化地分析。运用社会科学研究中的假设—验证方法,对近年来具有代表性的PX事件的研究表明,环境法的实施情况并不能作为解释PX事件治理困境的主要原因;将厦门PX事件视为范例掩盖了其复杂的博弈过程,反而对类似事件的合理解决造成阻碍。PX事件治理困境之根源,在于政府权力运作的短期性与随意性。中国环境法实施现状与公众诉求之间的矛盾,源于行政权力运作的实践逻辑,是一种内生困境而非外在困境,并不是简单通过加大外部资源投入就能解决,而是要依赖制度性约束条件的转变与改善,其关键环节在于实现政府决策模式从嵌入到善治的转型。     

论法之难行之源

法之难行已是中国法律实际生活的显豁病症。二十年来产生数以百千万计的法律、法规和规章 ,但绝大多数难以实行。法之难行的病症不愈 ,法治国家建设和寄托于斯的其他事业 ,都将难能制胜或无以为继。为此需要探清法之难行的根源 ,以明救治之策。难行之根源出在立法、行政、司法、法学研究、历史传统等多方面。救治中国法之难行之症 ,需要察源下药。     

‘Payback’, Customary Law and Criminal Law in Colonised Australia

‘Payback’ is an Australian Aboriginal English term (also known in Melanesia) commonly understood to refer to a vendetta. Satisfaction of a grievance, such as a death or wife-stealing, may be sought through ritual ceremony, gift-giving, corporal punishment and ordeal, or even killing. Such phenomena, often characterised as vendetta or feud, have been noted by non-Aboriginal observers during most of the period of European colonisation (from 1788). In spite of the presumption of sovereignty that recognises only one law, it is shown that the criminal law in Australia has conceded limits to its reach in dealing with payback. More recently we observe that judicial attitudes have tended to recognise the positive functions of certain forms of payback in resolving conflict and upset in communities. Far from being eradicated by colonisation, payback retains a rationality in Aboriginal communities in a country that is subject to white man's law.     

澳大利亚ADR的发展与启示(上)

ADR是澳大利亚纠纷解决的重要机制之一。以行业、社区为基础的ADR以及司法ADR的发达是澳大利亚ADR的两大特征。诉讼理念的转变、诉讼程序的改革与案件管理制度促进了澳大利亚ADR的发展。在ADR与诉讼机制的协调以及对ADR的规范化方面,澳大利亚有值得我国借鉴之处。     

刑诉法在实施中存在的几个突出问题

刑诉法在实施中法律规定存在几个方面的缺陷，即对证人条件规定的不明确、欠妥当；对诉讼参与人的权利保障条款规定的不明确，缺乏可操作性，有的权利甚至未做规定；对用非法手段获取的证据的法律效力未做明确规定。     

欧洲共同体竞争法实施过程中面临的冲突及对策

竞争法是欧共体法律体系中影响较大的一个部门。它的形成与发展,使共同体内并存着两种相互独立的竞争法及其执行机制。因此,竞争法在实施过程中,出现了一系列的冲突和矛盾。共同体通过二次立法,采取了一系列相应的措施:重新调整竞争法主管机构的权限,平衡竞争法管辖上的矛盾;确立共同体竞争法的效力优于成员国竞争法的原则,协调共同体竞争法适用上的冲突;加强竞争法实施的国际合作,化解欧共体竞争法域外适用过程中产生的困难。这些措施有效地清除了竞争法实施的障碍,推动了欧洲经济一体化的进程。     

论近代刑法和刑法观念的形成

本文的主题是阐释近代刑法及其观念从古代到近代的演变。在历史叙述方法上,论文融合了刑法制度史和刑法思想史。作者将近代的刑法观念分解成三个核心命题:刑法是公共权力对犯罪的一种惩罚;犯罪既是一种外在的行为,也是一种主观的罪恶;刑罚同时体现了对犯罪行为的报复和对自由意志的拯救。由此,论文相应分成三个部分:第一,从同态复仇到公共权力的报复。其中,古罗马的犯罪学是刑法的形成阶段,16世纪之后君主主权国家的刑法是现代刑法的开端。第二,从客观归罪到主观罪恶的救赎。在这个过程中,基督教神学起了决定性的作用。中世纪的宗教使客观刑法注入了主观的因素,刑法主客观统一论由此产生。第三,从残酷的肉刑到刑罚人道主义。古代社会的刑罚强调报复的对等,封建的刑罚强调的是君王的威吓,宗教的刑罚强调的是主观罪恶的救赎,当资本主义兴起之后,刑罚强调人道主义原则。     

"发展法学"与法学的发展--兼论经济法理论中的发展观

经济与社会的发展离不开一定的发展观,该发展观在相关的法律制度和法学研究中都要有所体现,以促进新兴的"发展法学"的形成;发展观在传统法和现代法理论中会有不同的显现,在"发展法学"中的经济法学领域则体现得尤为突出;对"发展法学"的深入研究有助于推动整个法学的发展.     

Cave Jurisdictionem – Recent Cases on Family Law and Conflicts in Australia

This article examines some recent decisions of the Family Court of Australia as they relate to matters of private international law in family law matters. Although the notion of forum non conveniens is considered, a major focus remains on the approach of the jurisdiction to the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. In the various issues which have appeared before it, the Family Court of Australia has demonstrated a degree of confusion which suggests that other jurisdictions should be cautious in their dealings with Australia in the areas which the article discusses.Professor of Law, University of Newcastle (NSW).     

'Failed Sociologists' in the Market Place: Law Schools in Australia

This paper traces the stunted evolution of Australian law faculties from 'trade schools' to liberal law schools. Higher education funding cuts and increased accountability to a government that is throwing the universities onto the competition of the market now combine with the traditional influence of a conservative profession to put Australian law schools in a precarious position. We argue that Australian law schools should transform themselves by embracing the contradictory position they inhabit, and using it to develop a broader concept of the legal knowledge they pass on and the legal practice for which they prepare their students.     

Just So: “The Law Which Governs Australia is Australian Law”

This essay provides a gloss on the relationship between the common law and the ‘law of the land’. It does so by turning attention to the technologies and identifications that continue to give Australian jurisdiction its place. These relations repeat the long pattern of the common law ordering of colonisation. They also provide the governmental conditions of legal responsibility for settlement. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.