European integration from the agency theory perspective

European integration is a process in which national governments look for higher levels of integration and promote new requests for allocations from the supranational authority while the balance between the benefits and costs of the supranational collective action becomes increasingly favourable. This process may be analyzed as an agency problem where different national governments, acting as principals, try to lead a single agent—the supranational authority—to make a decision on the level of integration. In this paper, decisions on integration of equilibrium are studied as the result of a non co-operative two-stage game, where national governments outline their political support strategies in the first stage and the supranational authority decides the level of integration in the second stage. JEL Classification D72     

The evolution of European legal integration

This article contributes to the development of theories on European integration by testing and exploring statistical models on the long-term development of legislative activity of the European Commission. Drawing on legal information gained from the European Union’s PreLex database and analyzing it with the help of statistical analyses, we map out growth patterns of EU law between 1976 and 2003. We construct time-series models and models based on non-linear regression. While the performance of models based on the traditional theoretical approaches, intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism, is rather poor, the analysis suggests that nonlinear dynamic models might be an interesting avenue for future conceptualizations of the EU integration process. This article is based on a paper presented at the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, “Implications of a Wider Europe: Politics, Institutions and Diversity”, 24–26 June 2004, Bologna, Italy. We would like to thank the seminar participants for useful comments.     

Multi-level and multi-arena governance: the limits of integration and the possibilities of forum shopping

Global governance occurs through a large number of issue-area regimes that constitute multiple arenas of governance at multiple levels. This paper draws upon established literature from public administration to show that such fragmentation is unavoidable, because it occurs even in governance at the national level. Moreover, while such fragmentation undoubtedly carries with it problems, it also brings advantages, such as redundancy which makes it less likely that blame avoidance will result in issues being overlooked. The existence of multiple arenas also makes possible the phenomenon of ‘forum shopping’, which allows entrepreneurial actors to advance (or block) the development of international agreements. Using primarily examples from environmental governance, but with some comparative examples from other issue areas, this paper reflects upon both the threats and opportunities this reality presents, suggesting that the prevailing fragmentation of governance at once presents not just an obstacle to global governance, but opportunities for improving global governance—opportunities that would not occur if a single regime enjoyed a monopoly on governing capacity.     

有组织犯罪概念二元论

有组织犯罪的理论研究从其一发端便面临着一种巨大的尴尬──概念确立的艰难。本文通过对当前这一领域研究成果的总结与清理,凸现了其现时的理论困境,并在此基础上提出了可能的突破路径,即有组织犯罪概念应从刑法学和犯罪学两个层面上予以二元解说。文章还进一步对二元论的立论基础、理论功能和基本内涵进行了详尽的分析。     

Retrieving the ‘subject’ of European integration

In this article, a critical reinterpretation of citizens as subjects of European integration moves the focus of EU law from EU citizens' subjection to their subjectification. This analysis draws on post‐structural social theory in arguing that the law is instrumental to securing the material conditions for transnational political subjectification because it regulates both EU citizens' access to transnational social relations and the perception of difference between them. However, the law also reinforces constraints on the process of transnational subjectification. Systematic obstacles, which must be taken into account, are not limited to economic status, but include other variables like gender or age. It will be argued on this basis that EU law needs to develop a more coherent politics of subjectivity. Towards this goal, the law must carefully attend to what is (and is not) depoliticising in EU citizenship rights.     

法国二元论体系中的故意

法国1994年新刑法典规定“无实行重罪或轻罪之故意,即无重罪或轻罪”,从而首次将故意提升到总则的高度,并确定了以惩罚故意为原则,惩罚过失为例外的政策。本文从故意在法国的“行为-行为人”二元论体系中的位置入手,分析了故意的内容、类别及犯罪的特殊样态中的故意,展现出法国不同于其他大陆法系国家的独特的犯罪故意理论,并在结论中指出法国刑法理论研究的实用主义对我国的借鉴作用。     

论司法鉴定主体的双重性

司法鉴定主体由单一向双重的法律转换后,鉴定机构和鉴定人双重鉴定主体取代了单一的自然人鉴定模式.鉴定机构与鉴定人的关系如何?司法鉴定主体双重性面临的主要问题及对策建议。     

数字贸易的“风险二重性”与规制合作

数字贸易作为一种新贸易模式,地位日趋重要,然而当前针对数字贸易的国际和国内规则呈现的仍然是差异化和碎片化的治理结构。由于数字贸易本身的"非物理化"特征,使该贸易模式蕴藏着新型风险。一方面,数字贸易涉及危害国家安全、消费者隐私泄露、网络洗钱等"原生风险";另一方面,针对以上"原生风险",国家基于网络安全、公共道德例外等实施新的规制措施,但却受缚于传统贸易下的国际法承诺,因此规制措施可能被判违反国际规则,由此形成规制的"次生风险"。关键还在于,当前WTO主要成员数字贸易规制理念和路径呈"三足鼎立"之势,对新规则制定的话语权争夺激烈,这进一步加剧潜在争端的可能。全球数字贸易良性发展更寄希望于各方化解分歧、实现双边、区域和多边的规制合作。中国政府和企业积极参与数字贸易国际规则的协调与合作,有利于中国数字经济的发展,并为其互联网法律治理提供更大的弹性空间、降低数字贸易中的国家规制风险。     

欧盟宪法发展进程中的双重变奏——共和主义与自由主义的视角

欧盟宪法较之于民族国家的宪法的一个突出特征在于，欧盟宪法不是来自于一次政治决断，而是由多个连续性的决断构成，这就表现为欧盟宪法的发展或欧盟统合秩序的形成是一个由多种力量或因素参与其间的法律与政治进程，其中，共和主义与自由主义最为重要，从而欧盟宪法的发展进程也就体现为共和主义与自由主义的双重变奏。共和主义是欧盟宪法的灵魂与骨架，而自由主义在欧盟宪法发展之初是作为一种积极的力量而存在的。随着欧盟宪法的发展，因触及了各个民族国家的政治、社会发展模式及成员国人民的福利，自由主义则成为欧盟宪法发展中重要反对性力量所借助的思想资源，但是，源于“欧洲梦”的追求，共和主义较之于自由主义始终具有正当性与统摄性。欧盟宪法未来的发展，在一定意义上就取决于共和主义与自由主义之间的平衡。     

Poland's legal integration into the European community: Some past,present, and future dilemmas

The paper contains some thoughts on the issue of the legal aspects of Poland's integration into the European Community (EC) against the background of Polish efforts to adapt its legal system to European Community requirements. The discussion is divided into three substantive parts: The first part deals with the issue of various legal traditions constituting the general phenomenon of EC law, with the second part spelling out legal aspects of the process of European integration, and finally the paper will be presented by way of a more concrete discussion — e.g., human rights, criminal law in general, and computer crime specifically.     

二元制抑或一元制：医疗纠纷鉴定模式的选择

医疗（事故）纠纷因专门性问题源于医疗事故技术鉴定和司法鉴定的＂二元制＂鉴定模式,致使纠纷解决的法律在选择适用上出现不同的结果,并造成了同一事实的处理结果尤其是赔偿的数额差异甚巨。《侵权责任法》的实施能否终结＂二元制＂鉴定模式,使冲突的相关规定、解释、解答等相关文本在法律适用上归于统一再次成为颇具争论的问题。基于医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定结果在证据性质上的同一,有必要将医疗事故技术＂鉴定＂仅作为行政程序的内容,并进一步建立解决医疗纠纷的鉴定机制,体现鉴定作为证据的＂认定＂功能,以便实现医疗行为共担风险以及利益平衡的基本目标。     

European integration and the french parliament: From ineffectual watchdog to constitutional rehabilitation and an enhanced political role

The development of the European Union is as much an opportunity as a threat to national parliaments. Our case study of the French Parliament suggests that as the process of integration has quickened in pace and broadened in scope, parliament has on successive occasions used the opportunity to strengthen its constitutional position with the introduction of Article 88‐4 and improve its capacity to scrutinise government through the adoption of a series of laws. Parliament now has the power to delay if not block the adoption of measures at European Union level by refusing to lift its scrutiny reserve. It is difficult to determine if parliament has significantly increased its influence over the government on European affairs, but it is now able to adopt potentially politically significant resolutions on all European Union issues which the government takes into account when negotiating in Union institutions. European integration has been a significant factor in the rehabilitation of the French Parliament.     

Amended forensic autopsy legal procedures in Turkey during integration with the European Union (EU)

European Union (EU) is expanding its territories, and Turkey has been making adaptive changes in many aspects for an integration with EU. In this regard, amendments on forensic autopsy procedures have been effective from June 1, 2005. This article delineates these changes, emphasizing the differences between the previous and the current procedures.     

Affirmative duties and the limits of self-sacrifice

American criminal law reflects the absence of any general duty of Good Samaritanism. Nonetheless, there are some circumstances in which it imposes affirmative duties to aid others. In those circumstances, however, the duty to aid is canceled whenever aiding subjects the actor to a certain level of risk or sacrifice, a level that can be less than the risk or sacrifice faced by the beneficiary if not aided. In this article, I demonstrate that this approach to limiting affirmative duties to aid encounters the same problem of moral arbitrariness as does a moral catastrophe override of deontological side-constraints.     

"犯罪治理"作为刑事诉讼目的的若干思考

学界的主流观点以及现行立法对我国刑事诉讼目的皆持“二元论”的立场,即一方面为惩罚犯罪,一方面为保障人权,并没有把“犯罪治理”作为刑事诉讼的一个目标。从刑事政策的视角来看,这样的程序设计并不妥当。未来的刑事诉讼法修改,应该考虑赋予诉讼程序在治理犯罪方面的制度功能。     

Dualism in data protection: Balancing the right to personal data and the data property right

This paper explores the issues surrounding the right to personal data and the data property right in the context of commercial transactions involving big data, and will thus inform the ongoing drafting process of the Chinese Civil Code and development of a commercial data market in China. The analysis herein attempts to break through the traditional concept of ‘property’ with the aim of helping China to develop a modern information society, devise a property law theory suitable for the big data era, and improve the level of protection afforded to rights and legitimate interests in data. To date, no comprehensive study has focused on developing a proper understanding of the concept of ‘data property rights’, and hence we lack the solid theoretical support needed to construct a proper protective system for such rights. This paper offers the first systematic study of the rules pertaining to data property rights, thereby enriching the theory of such rights and serving as a theoretical basis for the enactment of a civil code that protects citizens’ legal rights and interests in the information society. It also offers a thorough discussion of how to construct a data property protection system, thereby providing an ideal reference model for enactment of the Chinese Civil Code.     

In vitro fertilisation and the limits of consent

In Evans v United Kingdom (2006) 43 EHRR 21; [2006] ECHR 200 the European Court of Human Rights was asked to overrule domestic legislation in the United Kingdom which stipulated that either the male or female provider of gametes could withdraw their consent to proceed at any time prior to implantation of embryos. The court held by a majority of five to two that such a legislative regime is compatible with current human rights instruments applicable in Europe. Ms Evans has appealed the European Court's decision to the Grand Chamber. However, compelling public policy arguments suggest that both parties to proposed in vitro fertilisation treatment should be permitted to withdraw their consent until the point of implantation.