战后苏联的政治斗争与改革趋向

通过分析二次大战后这一特定历史时期苏联政治斗争的内容和性质,揭示了战后苏联政治斗争的特点及其成因,并且对战后苏联政治斗争中显现出来的改革趋向及其命运作出分析,从而得出了无产阶级政党必须尊重历史发展的客观规律,及时、有效地推进体制改革,才能实现无产阶级政党所肩负的历史使命的结论。     

The Age Structure of Soviet Population: Preliminary Analysis Of Unpublished Data

This article presents and analyzes hitherto unpublished data on the age structure of the population of the USSR and four of its republics. Analysis of the patterns revealed by these newly available data provides a basis for understanding why they had not been published in the USSR in the six years since the census date. The implications of the data for the analysis of Soviet society, its economic potential, and military draft pools are discussed. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 052, 124, 800.     

苏联末期的货币战——透视苏联解体的新视角

苏联末期,在卢布贬值的未来预期下,各加盟共和国展开激烈的银行信贷竞争,同时实行了限制卢布涌入、物资流出的经济封锁。进而,面对俄联邦汹涌而至的卢布潮水,发行主权货币成为小国寡民型共和国防止卢布占领、摆脱自身经济困境的良策。而某个加盟共和国的主权货币行动必然在整个苏联内部引发多米诺骨牌效应。统一的卢布流通域遭遇被15个彼此独立的货币流通域瓜分并取代的命运,作为主权国家的苏联也就在货币层面被摧毁。考察苏联末期的货币战是探寻苏联解体过程的一条重要线索,对于揭开苏联解体之谜具有一定的启示意义。     

Causes of the Slowdown in Soviet Defense

This paper discusses the recent official U.S. intelligence estimates indicating a slowdown in the growth rates of Soviet defense spending and military procurement since 1976. The Central Intelligence Agency's explanation for the slowdown is examined. Questions are raised about two of the factors, economic constraints and technical difficulties, and the implications of the CIA's explanation for theories about the relationship of the defense sector to the rest of the economy are considered. The author offers as a possible alternative explanation of the slowdown a change in Soviet military investment priorities de-emphasizing strategic offensive weapons. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 052, 114, 124.     

The Problem of Soviet Colonialism in the Baltics

This essay works through some of the necessary preliminary questions in thinking about Soviet colonialism in the Baltics. It opens by tracing the prehistory of critical thinking about Soviet colonialism in the 1960s and considers why the topic of Soviet colonialism has not (or not yet) become a dominant way to understand Soviet history. The central question posed by the article is whether one can speak about the Soviet invasions of the Baltic States as ‘colonization’. It proposes that, initially, communist Russia did not in fact seek to colonize the Baltic States and instead ‘occupied’ them; however, this initial period of occupation later developed into a period of a colonial rule.     

Soviet books on the Yemen

O. Gerasimov and Yu. Mashin, is entitled V gorakh Yudznoy Aravii (In the mountains of Southern Arabia), Moscow, MysF Press, 1966; 87 pp.

G. Ya. Pyasetskiy, the author of Na pustynnom beregu Tikhamy (To the desert shore of Tihama), Moscow, Transport Press, 1967; 88 pp.

E. A. Glushenko and G. A. Lebedev. It is aptly named Yudznaya Araviya bez Sultctnov {Southern Arabia without Sultans), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 88 pp.

Narodnaya Demokraticheskaya Respublika Yemen {The Yemen Popular Democratic Republic), Moscow, Mysl’ Press, 1971; 64 pp.

E. K. Golubovskaya, Yemen, Moscow, MysF Press, 1965; 122 pp.

L. N. Kotlov's Yemenskaya Arabskaya Respublika {spravochnik) {The Yemenite Arab Republic: a reference book), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 288 pp.

L. V. Val'kova's Angliskaya kolonialnaya politika v Adene i Adenskikh Protektoratakh (1945–1967) {English colonial politics in Aden and its Protectorates: 1945–1967), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1968; 159 pp.

E. K. Golubovskaya, Revolyutsiya 1962 g. v Yemene {The revolution of 1962 in the Yemen), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1971; 208 pp.

V. I. Gusarov and A. M. Seyful'mulyukov, it is called Ekonomika Yemenskoy Arabskoy Respubliki {The Economics of the Yemenite Arab Republic), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1972; 120 pp.     

Soviet histories of the Middle East

Istoriografiya stran Vostoka (problyemi novogo vryemyeni), Historiography of the Countries of the East: Problems of Modern Times (Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1978; 256 pp.).

M.S. Ivanov on the Babi revolt in Iran (pp.5–16).

F.M. Atsamba on the historiography of the colonial enslavement of Egypt (pp.95–115)

V.I. Shpil'kova, on the historiography of the Young Turk revolution (pp.234–54).

Istoriografiya i istochnikovyedyeniye istorii stran Azii i Afriki, Historiography and Source Research of the Countries of Asia and Africa, has been published irregularly by Leningrad University Press.

Vladimir Alexandrov, of the Academy of Social Sciences, is entitled A Contemporary World History 1917–1945 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986; 718 pp.).

The East After the Collapse of the Colonial System (translated from the Russian, Moscow: Nauka Press, 1983; 176 pp.)

Novaya istoriya stran Azii i Afriki, Modern History of the Countries of Asia and Africa, (3rd edition, Moscow: Nauka Press, 1982; 560 pp.,maps).

Novyeyshaya istoriya Arabskikh stran Azii 1917–1985, Contemporary History of the Arab Countries of Asia, 1917–1985 (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1988, 639 pp.).

Kritika burdzhuaznikh kontsyeptsii politiki impyerialistichyeskikh gosudarstv na Blidzhnyem Vostokye. Epokha probudzhdyeniya Azii, A Critique of Bourgeois Conceptions of the Politics of Imperialist Governments in the Near East: The Epoch of the Penetration of Asia (Kiev: Kiev University Press, 1979; 136 pp.)

Politika impyerialistichyeskikh dyerdzhav na Arabskom Vostokye v godi vtoroy mirovoy voyni (1939–1945 gg.)

Erevan: the Armenian Academy of Sciences Press, 1980; 265 pp.

Strani Blidzhnyego i Sryednyego Vostoka v myedzhdunawdnikh otnoshyeniyakh (XIX‐XX vv.), The Countries of the Near and Middle East in International Relations (19th‐20th Centuries). (Tashkent: Fan Press for the Uzbek Academy of Sciences, 1984; 152 pp.)

Borisov's S.Sh.A.: Blidzhnyevostochnaya politika v 70‐yegodi, The United States: Near Eastern Politics in the 1970s (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1982; 216 pp.).

A.I. Osipov's S.Sh.A. i Arabskiye strani 70‐ye‐nachala‐80‐kh godov, The United States and the Arab Countries in the 1970s and Early 1980s (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1983; 230 pp.),

V.A. Shmarov's Osobyennosti politiki impyerializma v Vostochnom Sryedizyemnomor'ye, The Characteristics of Imperialist Politics in the Eastern Mediterranean (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1986; 256 pp.)

Bor'ba SSSR za obyespyechyeniye prochnogo i spravyedlivogo mira na Blidzhnyem Vostokye (1967–1980), The Struggle of the Soviet Union to Secure a Firm and Just Peace in the Near East, 1967–1980 (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1980; 280 pp.).

Rabochyeye dvidzhyeniye v osvobodivshikhsya stranakh Azii i Syevyernoy Afriki: Osobyennosti I tyendyentsii, The Workers Movement in the Self‐Liberating Countries of Asia and North Africa: Characteristics and Tendencies (Moscow: Oriental Literature Press, 1981; 272 pp.).

Natsional'niy vopros v stranakh Vostoka, The National Question in the Countries of the East (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1982; 273 pp.).

Natsional'niy vopros v osvobodivshikhsya stranakh Vostoka, Tha National Question In the Self‐Liberating Countries of the East (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1986; 262 pp.).

Stanovlyeniye natsional'noosvobodityel'nogo dvidzhyeniya v Arabskikh stranakh Azii 1908–1914 gg., The Formation of the National Liberation Movement in the Asiatic Arab Countries, 1908–1914 (Moscow: Nauka Press, 1986; 376 pp).     

苏联模式在中国是如何被强化的

20世纪50年代中期,面对着苏联模式显露出来的弊端,中国的最高领导人和广大知识分子也开始探索中国的社会主义道路。但是,由于对待苏联模式的态度不同,这两种探索发生了激烈的碰撞。最终的结果,不仅是以捍卫斯大林和苏联模式为基本出发点的探索大获全胜,而试图从根本上改变苏联模式者惨遭失败,更重要的是在以后的20多年中苏联模式以更加强化的形式主导着中国的社会发展。另外,苏联模式在中国的强化也是中苏两党、两国关系破裂的重要原因之一。     

Soviet Foreign Trade in Foodstuffs

Analysis of import dependence or of shares of imported food in consumption when measured in value terms is severely handicapped by the fact that Soviet foreign trade statistics are reported in world market values which differ from domestic prices and by the nonequilibrium nature of the latter. This study offers an alternative method of relating imports to consumption based on calorie measures. Having recomputed exports and imports in calories, the study shows that between 1970 and 1981 the USSR changed from a position of net exporter of food to a high dependence with about 22% of total domestic consumption provided by imports. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 124, 421, 713.     

Some Soviet works in Arabic

Nahnu wa‐'1‐'Arab 1988, We and the Arabs, 1988 (Moscow: Progress Press, 1988; 220 pp.).

Z. Gafurov, is entitled, ‘Problems of War and Peace and Contemporary Revolutionary Democracy’ (pp.21–40);

Vladimir Mikhaylov's Irhabiyyu al‐Mosad, The Terrorists of the Mossad (Moscow: Progress Press, 1987; 174 pp. Also published in Russian).

G.I. Mirskiy's al‐Jaysh wa’ 1‐mujtama'wa‐’ 1‐siyasa fi al‐buldan al‐namiya, Army, Society and Politics in the Developing Countries (Moscow: Progress Press, 1987; 228 pp.).

al‐'Alaqat al‐Sofyetiyya al‐Libiyya, Soviet‐Libyan Relations (Moscow: Progress Press, 1986; 213 pp.)

A. Shvyedov and V. Rumyantsiyev, also published in Russian in the same year. Its eight chapters are arranged chronologically, ending with a list of events, 1917–86 (pp.203–12),

Buhuth Sofyetiyya jadida fi al‐adab al‐'Arabi, New Soviet Studies in Arabic Literature (Moscow: Progress Press, 1986; 215 pp.)

Institute of Ethnography in the Soviet Academy of Sciences, entitled ’Alam al‐Badw, The World of the Bedouins (or: Nomads) (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1986; 213 pp. Soviet Ethnographic Studies, 2).

Idiyulujiyat al‐dimuqratiyya al‐thawriyya al‐Ifriqiyya, The Ideology of African Revolutionary Democracy (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1983; 140 pp.).

al‐lttihad al‐Sofyeti wa‐Ifriqiyya, The Soviet Union and Africa (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1983; 160 pp.).

Shamal Ifriqiyya: al‐tatawwur al‐mu'asir, North Arfrica: Contemporary Development (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1987; 192 pp.)

Al‐Qadiyya al‐Filastiniyya: al‐'udwan wa‐'l‐muqawama wa‐subul al‐ taswiya, The Palestinian Problem: Aggression, Resistance and Ways of Settlement (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1983; 230 pp. = Soviet Orientalism, 3)

Vladimir Belyakov, a newspaperman and radio commentator. Writing on ‘The Soviet Union and the Palestinian Revolution’ (pp.215–28),

Buldan al‐Sharq: al‐siyasa wa‐'1‐idiyulujiya, Countries of the East: Politics and Ideology (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1985; 220 pp. = Soviet Orientalism, 4)

Abhath jadida li‐'l‐musta'ribin al‐Sofyet, New Studies by Soviet Arabists have been published so far in three volumes.⁸ The first (Moscow: Social Sciences Press, 1986; 261 pp.= Soviet Orientalism, 5)

Aleksiy Vasil'yev's Misr wa‐'l‐Misriyyin, Egypt and the Egyptians (Moscow: Progress Press, 1989; 387 pp.).     

Decentralization and the Precontract Dispute in Soviet Industry

Precontract negotiations between enterprises play an important role in determining the detailed product mix and the timing of delivery in the Soviet planning system. This paper uses a comparative institutional framework drawn from the law and economics literature to analyze the legal regulation of these negotiations by Gosarbitrazh. In view of features of the Soviet economy which weaken the buyer's influence on the supplier, the key hypothesis is that Gosarbitrazh should favor the buyer in resolving precontract disputes, thereby forcing the supplier to satisfy the buyer's demand. This hypothesis is supported by the reported case law. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 052, 124.