Peers,parents, and adolescent drug use in a rural community: A two-wave panel study

This study examined the relative influence of changes in orientations to ward peers and parents on the drug-use patterns of a panel of rural youths. It was hypothesized that, when the changes in orientations that occurred over a three-year period of time were evaluated, the level of involvement with either alcohol or marijuana would be highest for those youths experiencing movement toward positions sympathetic to the use of drugs. The data analysis revealed that after three years there was greater distance between youths and their parents on the subject of drugs, and that those youths who experienced the greatest movement were also the most heavily involved with drugs. The single best predictor of the use rate for either type of drug was the level of past use, followed by changes in the level of drug-related conflict with parents. Among the peer-based measures, changes in the frequency of both pro- and antidrug-use discussions were found to make a significant contribution only in the case of marijuana use.A version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, August 1985, Washington, D.C.He received his Ph.D. from the University of Montana. His research interests include death and dying in American jails and professional socialization in criminal justice vocations.     

农村共青团公园与青年现代意识的培育

随着现代化的飞速发展 ,人的素质的全面提高日益显示其极端的重要性。共青团担负着培养高素质青年为重点的人的现代化任务 ,面对这一新要求 ,共青团番禺区委开展的“万千青年齐参与、共创番禺文明城”系列活动之“30 5工程” ,促进了村镇青年环保意识、交往意识、参与意识、合作意识和竞争意识等现代意识的形成。     

School predictors of alcohol use in high school Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth

Many youth alcohol prevention programs are not culturally sensitive and have focused on avoidance tactics. Given the differences in alcohol use and the possibly differing intervention strategies for Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth, this study aims to analyze the contributing factors of alcohol use within these two groups. Two hundred and one high school students participated in a survey. Findings indicate that prevention programs should focus on situational opportunities to use alcohol for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth. For Hispanic students, school management skills did not relate to less alcohol use, as expected. There should be less emphasis on how risky drinking can be, and more emphasis on the moral implications or “wrongness” of drinking, particularly for non-Hispanics. The discussion includes some possible interpretations of the relationship between skill management skills and heightened alcohol use for Hispanic students.     

Levels and psychosocial correlates of adolescent drug use

Trends and patterns of adolescent drug use were examined through consideration of over 125 psychosocial correlates with drug use and nonuse. A sample of 480 urban high-school students was given personal interviews and a survey questionnaire that included several psychological scales and test batteries. A severity of drug use index was also employed in order to clarify the role of various causal factors at differential levels of drug-use severity. Study results seemed to confirm suggestions in the literature that drug use has become a normal, predictable form of behavior that accompanies adolescent development. Psychopathological factors were found to be important in cases of severe drug-using behavior. The role of current, larger social structural factors in adolescent drug use is discussed, along with the programming and policy implications that stem from the multileveled structure of drug use.Received Ph.D. from American University. Research interests include adolescent drug use and the sociology of education.Received M.P.H. from University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health. Research interests include epidemiology of adolescent drug use.     

Correlates of early adolescent peer and personal substance use in rural northern Michigan

Data were collected from 181 middle school students in rural northern Michigan during May 1982. Student responses concerning peer and personal use of alcohol and nicotine were analyzed. The results suggest that peer substance use is highly correlated with personal substance use, and increases significantly with age. Sexual differences were also noted. This article describes the powerful correlates between peer and personal alcohol and nicotine use (i.e., cigarette smoking), and suggests some hypotheses for this phenomenon.     

Organizational factors that contribute to youth workers' promotion of youth voice

The term youth voice has been identified as a mechanism that helps youth who are participating in out-of-school time programs (e.g., 4-H, Boys & Girls Club, Big Brother/Big Sister) achieve successful outcomes such as improved academic and social functioning. Youth voice promotion is commonly enacted in out-of-school time programs when youth workers extend opportunities to youth to provide feedback and make key program decisions. To date, scant research has focused on organizational factors that contribute to program staff (e.g., youth workers) willingness to promote youth voice. A structural equation model using person-environment fit theory within a Positive Youth Development theory framework was constructed to test organizational factors that contribute to youth voice promotion among youth workers. Data from 569 frontline youth workers within out-of-school time programs across the United States indicated that youth workers' abilities to form positive relationships with youth, professional efficacy, and ability to make decisions in their own jobs directly predicted youth workers' endorsement of youth voice. In addition, positive relationships partially mediated the effects of professional efficacy on youth voice promotion. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

青年文化工作创新探讨

随着我国“入世”,“深圳青年文化工作”与“入世后的文化需求”和“深圳青年不断更新的文化需求”等三者关系没有理顺,因而产生了制约青年文化工作发展的“四大矛盾”。为此,我们提出“五大工作对策”,供深圳等地的青年工作者参考。     

Alcohol: The gateway to other drug use among secondary-school students

The stepping-stone theory of progression into drug use is examined, based on the alcohol and other drug use of over 27,000 seventh-through eighth-grade students in New York State. The data show that students do not use illicit drugs unless they also use alcohol. White, black and Hispanic students all tend to initiate the use of drugs in the following order-alcohol, marijuana, pills, and hard drugs. Among blacks and Hispanics, pills are not as important a transition between marijuana and hard drugs as they are among whites. Cigarettes form an important step between alcohol and marijuana use for younger students, particularly for females. Since alcohol serves as the gateway to all other drug use, prevention approaches that control and limit alcohol use among adolescents may be warranted.He received his Ph. D. in Psychology for the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1976. His research interests are the social and psychological correlates of drinking.She received her Ph.D. in Sociology from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1983.     

Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis

The social psychological antecedents of entry into three sequential stages of adolescent drug use, hard liquor, marihuana, and other illicit drugs, are examined in a cohort of high school students in which the population at risk for initiation into each stage could be clearly specified. The analyses are based on a two-wave panel sample of New York State public secondary students and subsamples of matched adolescent-parent and adolescent-best schoolfriend dyads. Each of four clusters of predictor variables, parental influences, peer influences, adolescent involvement in various behaviors, and adolescent beliefs and values, and single predictors within each cluster assume differential importance for each stage of drug behavior. Prior involvement in a variety of activities, such as minor delinquency and use of cigarettes, beer, and wine are most important for hard liquor use. Adolescents' beliefs and values favorable to the use of marihuana and association with marihuana-using peers are the strongest predictors of initiation into marihuana. Poor relations with parents, feelings of depression, and exposure to drug-using peers are most important for initiation into illicit drugs other than marihuana.This research is supported by Grant DA-00064 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and by the Center for Socio-Cultural Research on Drug Use of Columbia University.Revised version of a paper presented at the Conference on Strategies of Longitudinal Research on Drug Use, San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 1976. Authors' names are listed alphabetically.Received Ph.D. in sociology from Columbia University in 1960. Current research interests are adolescent socialization, longitudinal approaches to the study of human behavior and psychopathology, and processes of interpersonal influence.Received Ph.D. in sociology from New York University in 1975. Major interest is quantitative sociology.Received Ph.D. in sociology from Columbia University in 1975. Current research interests include adolescent socialization and deviant behavior.     

江泽民青年观初探

江泽民同志关于青年问题的观点主要有:青年的健康成长离不开党;青年必须高举爱国主义的伟大旗帜;当代青年的历史使命是实现中华民族的伟大复兴;同人民群众紧密结合是青年健康成长的必由之路;马克思主义政党只有赢得青年,才能赢得未来;创新的希望在青年;青年应该成为引领社会风气之先的力量;社会主义精神文明建设的关键在青年一代。     

浅谈非公有经济领域青年发展需求

非公经济领域青年的发展需求目前显得尤为迫切。他们的各种需求随着经济社会的发展不断变化。 非公有经济的发展需要理论的指导、法律的保障、政策的支持,青年可以在促进经济社会的发展中寻找人生的定 位。     

网络对青少年的负面影响剖析

网络是一把双刃剑 ,既有无可替代的优越功能 ,也有一些不足和危害。青少年由于其独特的心理特征 ,更容易受到网络的伤害。分析网络对青少年造成的心理损害和社会化障碍 ,探讨网络对青少年的负面影响 ,可以引起有关方面的重视 ,采取有效措施 ,保证青少年的健康成长。     

青年志愿服务事业机制建设探讨

青年志愿服务事业的机制建设,有内部机制、外部机制之分。它作用于青年志愿服务事业的全过程, 缺少任何一环机制.或者任何一个环节的机制不完善,势必影响青年志愿服务,势必影响青年志愿服务事业的发 展。     

Integrating a youth participation model in a youth mental health service: Challenges and lessons learned

Youth participation in mental health settings is fundamental to service design and delivery, and is beneficial for the young people involved as well as the organisation. This paper presents the findings of an evaluation of a youth participation model where tiered participation was attempted in a clinical youth mental health setting. To inform the ongoing development and improvement of a youth participation model, an evaluation was conducted consisting of three focus groups with the youth consultants, consultations with management about the implementation of the tiered participation model, and a review of records. The purpose of this evaluation was to identify possible barriers to implementation early on so these could be addressed and a youth participation model that meets the needs of all key stakeholders could be developed. The findings of this evaluation and the way in which these findings informed the model's development are discussed.     

Governance and youth unemployment in Africa

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to identify governance indicators that can reduce youth unemployment in Africa. Thereby, the authors incorporated governance indicators into the growth model. The dynamic panel estimation of the model, based on data from the World Bank, the IMF and UNCTAD for the period 2002–2016 found that some governance indicators such as control of corruption and political stability have a negative influence on youth unemployment in Africa. Moreover, political stability does not reduce youth unemployment in highly corrupt countries which are rich in natural resources. Similarly, other governance indicators such as government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, voice and accountability are not yet producing the expected effects in African countries. As a result, political authorities must improve governance indicators, including the control of corruption and political stability.     

简论青少年的文献信息知识教育

青少年处在学龄阶段 ,是长身体、长知识的时期。不仅要打下科学文化的基础 ;而且要通过文献信息知识教育 ,打下学习方法的基础。掌握了学习方法 ,能更好地学习文化课。从小学点文献信息知识 ,可以更好地培养课外阅读的良好习惯 ,培养自学能力 ;可以激发学生的学科学、爱科学的兴趣和热情 ,这对于我国多出科学人才是一项意义重大的工作     

The rural proletariat and the problem of rural proletarian consciousness

‘The rural proletariat’ has been employed as a sociological category to describe Caribbean populations for nearly 25 years, but confusion about such populations persists. Proletarianisation, the definition of rural proletariats, and the Marxist conception of consciousness, as applicable to such groups, are discussed in the following paper. The Cuban case is described to exemplify the European bias of some analysts, and the difficulties created by an uncritical transfer of western conceptions of class and of class consciousness to a colonial agrarian situation. A special effort is made to conceptualise the rural proletariat in terms of its relationships to the peasantry, and of the ‘concealment’ of landless workers in peasant communities.     

A theory-based evaluation to improve youth participation in progress: A case study of a youth policy in Italy

A theory-based evaluation of an in-progress program for the development of new youth centers the South of Italy is presented in this article. The study investigated if and to what extent the program was working to increase youth participation. Data were collected through document analysis of the program, in-depth interviews and a survey with the managers of the youth centers. Consistent with some previous study, results suggested that some program mechanisms related to cultural openings, obligations and opportunities of participation had been effective in the activation of youth participation. Some contextual factors behind such mechanisms were also taken into account. Then, the study confirmed the need to further develop forms of youth work able to mediate between the regulatory pressures expressed by public institutions and the claims of autonomy and participation manifested by youth.     

青年文化:青年社会化的新视角

青年文化,作为在青年中流行、并对青年产生重大影响的因子,是青年社会化的主要执行者。同时,随着时代的发展,青年文化又使青年社会化出现了新特点,蕴含着当今青年社会化的二重性。因此,积极加强青年文化建设,对青年社会化的顺利实现乃至社会的发展都有着极大的现实意义。     

论转型期青年社会化中的主体性

转型期青年社会化的主体性具体表现为:反权威性、独立性、创新性、文化反哺和内控性;青年社会化主体性不断增强,与青年自身的生理、心理特点、成长的家庭环境特点和转型期社会环境的特点分析。