十六世纪初至十八世纪后期马来亚的政治斗争

在1511年葡萄牙人占领马六甲以前,马来亚地区已经建立强盛王国—马本甲王国。在王国第五代国王曼苏尔沙统治时期(1454—1477),该王国不仅是马来人历史上最强盛时代,也是东南亚强大国家之一,还是伊期兰教在东南亚的传播中心。到该王国最后一代国王马哈茂德沙统治时期(1488—1528),王国的版图包括彭亨、霹雳,直至柔佛、新加坡、廖内—林加群岛以及苏门答腊东海岸的大部分地区,还对那些仍然承认暹罗宗主权的北     

后冷战时代阿拉伯君主制和王权的走向

中东是当今世界君主制政权最集中的地区,伊斯兰教与部落和家族传统是阿拉伯君主制和王权存续的两大基本元素.后冷战时代,阿拉伯君主国的王位继承和君主制受到内外挑战.各君主国在不变更君主制和王权统治的前提下实施了一系列变革与改良,其主要内容包括:完善王位继承制;强化君主制构架及其治理机制;实施"亲民政策",营造宽松的政治局面等.这些变革和改良在一定程度上顺应了时代潮流,并为君主国的政治发展提供了新动力.但由于诸多局限,阿拉伯君主国向民主化政治的演变将是一个长期、复杂、渐进的过程.     

试析南掌王国的兴盛

南掌王国,是1353年老挝族建立的老挝历史上第一个独立、统一的国家。从建立至1713年分裂成琅勃拉邦、万象和占巴塞三个小王国为止的360年间,它经历了统一、强盛到衰亡的过程。南掌王国在老挝的历史上有相当重要的地位和影响。本文着重探索南掌王国强盛的原困,这将有助于对老挝历史和现状的了解与深入的研究。一据老挝和泰国学者的研究,最早统治老挝的为吉蔑族和占族,老挝族则迟至八世纪才移居老挝境内。例如当公元757年老挝族到达老挝,并占领了现在的琅勃拉邦作为南掌王国的都城时,该城名为孟骚(Muong Swa),是属于吉蔑族的卡族(Khas)统治的领土,被占领后改名为孟川铜(Muong Xiong Thong)。老挝族便在这一带定居下     

浅议沙特阿拉伯王国政治制度

本文从国体、政体两方面对沙特阿拉伯政治制度进行了分析。从国体看 ,随着沙特王国石油工业的不断发展和油田、土地国有化 ,在经济基础上 ,王国已进入资本主义阶段 ,国内主要矛盾是下层民众与王室所代表的朝野资产阶级间的矛盾 ,但已资产阶级化的王室封建色彩依然浓重。从政体看 ,自王国第二任君主始 ,皆非政出一人 ,而在不同程度上受王室长老委员会、大臣会议、欧莱玛及后来的协商会议的制约。所以 ,王国已不是“君主专制”或“绝对君主制”。此外 ,沙特王室始终坚持政教合一 ,即君主集政权与教权于一身 ,但集权者是世俗君主 ,而非神职人员 ,故沙特君主制不宜说是“伊斯兰君主制”。综上 ,沙特阿拉伯政治制度可界定为准资产阶级政教合一有限君主制。     

阿拉伯君主制的合法性与稳定性分析

在阿拉伯剧变中,君主制国家处于相对稳定状态。但这并不意味着君主国可以高枕无忧,其中事实传统型统治国家因为缺乏宗教正统的支持,极有可能受到国内反对派质疑,出现君主下台的可能,因而需顺应民意而变,将解决政治民主化与经济民生问题放到首位。     

欧亚主义视角下的俄国历史观

欧亚主义者首先把俄国历史置于欧亚洲的历史框架下去审视:俄罗斯民族的历史活动不仅与欧亚洲一体化进程在时间上吻合,而且推动了这一进程;1917年建立的苏维埃国家是俄罗斯帝国国家传统的延续,同样具有"军事帝国"的特点。欧亚主义者对蒙古统治的评价有别于其他思想流派。他们肯定蒙古统治的重要意义和东方在俄国历史进程中的决定性影响,认为蒙古统治在很大程度上促进了俄罗斯统一国家的形成,同时"铸就"了俄罗斯精神的独特性。     

阿拉伯君主制政权相对稳定的原因探析

阿拉伯君主制国家在阿拉伯剧变浪潮中平稳过关,促使学术界重新关注君主制在阿拉伯世界长期存续的现象.阿拉伯世界现有8个君主制国家虽然国情差异较大,但源于传统的政治合法性、地租型经济、以家族和部落为核心的政治联盟、外部力量支持是这些国家保持政权稳定的主要原因.阿拉伯君主制虽然具有合法性和生命力,仍将长期存在,但也面临诸如经济、民生问题,族际、教派冲突等挑战.阿拉伯君主制国家须通过改革,适应快速变化的经济、社会现实.     

靳羽西与“女人世界”

靳羽西在中国百姓的心目中多少有点东方美神的象征意味,其实不仅是在中国,美国的《人物》杂志也称靳羽西为“中国最有名的女人”,《纽约时报》还把她誉为“中国化妆品王国的王后”。羽西的确是个漂亮有魅力的女人,她亲和、自信,那张娃娃般的脸庞仿佛要永远留住童年的天真。     

阿富汗君主制的历史演进与终结探析

阿富汗杜兰尼王朝正式建立了君主制度。该制度在自身的民族、宗教、地域因素和外部因素的共同影响下经历了相对的统一与分裂往复循环的历史轨迹。在此过程中,出现了许多具有代表性的封建君主。他们力图巩固君主权威构建一个强有力的中央政府,然而君主制发展受到了许多根深蒂固的因素的掣肘。这套实施200多年的制度终于在1973年被达乌德策划的军事政变所终结。阿富汗君主制发展历程始终与其自身具有的地缘政治、外部势力干预、部族社会的传统以及民族构建因素紧密的联系在一起。这些因素依然影响着现今的阿富汗及其新阿富汗国家的重建。以阿富汗历史上的君主制作为研究的切入点能够为(解决/了解)当下阿富汗问题提供更加开阔的视野和有益的借鉴。     

白人民族主义与南非种族统治

南非现代国家形成的历史 ,正是荷兰人为主的欧洲人到这片土地上殖民、发展形成为新民族 (阿非利卡人 ) ,掌握种族主义统治权 ,后又不得不放弃这种少数人统治权 ,并适应多种族和解共生潮流的历史。南非当前许多社会问题的深层结构性根源也正在于 1 7世纪以来阿非利卡人对南非历史的深远影响 :他们在占据南非政治、经济统治地位的同时 ,主导了全社会一系列相对固定的种族和民族关系格局的形成 ;这种历史深层结构一旦形成就难以改变 ,甚至在南非政治上实现多种族平等后的相当长时间里都会是如此。因而 ,首先应该认识以民族主义形式表现出来的白人种族主义对南非种族统治的影响 ,以此透视政治与社会意识之间复杂的互动关系 ,最终全面消除种族统治的历史残留。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

中国需要构建怎样的周边(英文)

正The new central leadership has highlighted the strategic importance of better relations with neighboring countries and the construction of a solid foundation for China’s neighborhood strategy so as to create favorable conditions for Chinese development.1China is strengthening top-level strategy in foreign relations,focusing on global-level relations and staying committed to relations     

中巴关系的发展及其认识误区（英文）

China and Brazil established a strategic partnership in 1993. The bilateral ties have seen rapid development in almost all areas. However, there are eight myths surrounding the China-Brazil relations. These myths are the result of a lack of mutual understanding as well as the misconceptions result misconceptions of the western observers and media. These misunderstandings have of have jeopardized images of the China-Brazil relations and also hindered further development of their bilateral relationship.