“非典”引起的知识产权问题思考

非典型肺炎 (英文简称SARS)的爆发 ,引起了全球科学家的高度重视。各国科学工作者都在全力以赴投入研究 ,以期寻找出对抗“非典”的有效方法。在为战胜“非典”给人类带来的灾难而争分夺秒的同时 ,一场激烈的专利战也悄然拉开了序幕。据报道 ,加拿大的迈克尔·史密斯基因科学中心在今年 4月中旬测定出导致SARS的冠状病毒基因序列后 ,向美国专利商标局申请了该基因序列的专利。另据称 ,美国卫生部下属的疾病控制与预防中心也对他们取得的“非典”研究成果申请了专利。日前公布的资料表明 ,截至 2 0 0 3年 6月 6日 ,国家知识产权局共受理 …     

索马里海盗引发的若干国际法问题

肆虐的索马里海盗和武装劫船行为已经对当代国际法多个分支产生了挑战和冲击，带来了若干亟需解决的法律问题。国际社会必须在预防、制止和惩治方面完善对付海盗和武装劫船行为的国际法体系，包括推动武装劫船行为概念的普遍化、更多依赖1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》及其2005年议定书、澄清适用于武力打击海盗和武装劫船行为的国际人权和人道法的类型和内容、以及探索对海盗行为进行公正有效制裁的刑事审判模式。     

对我国商业银行设立基金管理公司所触发关键性法律问题之思考

《商业银行设立基金管理公司试点管理办法》的出台是我国金融自由化及全球金融自由化态势下的产物,它不仅在一定程度上可以改变我国银行业的资产结构与盈利模式,而且客观而言它也顺应了金融业发展的内在需求。然而,在另一方面商业银行设立的基金管理公司的即将面世也给人们展现了我国金融立法中的现实问题,即金融法律规则供给机制上的滞后性、应急性及一事一法的特点。因此,对商业银行设立基金管理公司所引发的法律问题进行反思与检讨便必不可少。     

“WAP搜索”及相关服务著作权侵权问题研究

搜索引擎在向手机用户提供“WAP搜索”时,会对原网页进行格式转换,以便用户在较小的手机屏幕上浏览网页.这一过程涉及的“临时复制”不产生有独立经济价值的复制件,即使在承认“临时复制”构成复制行为的欧盟,此行为也不构成对复制权的侵权.但刻意将转换后的网页存储在服务器中,并直接向后续手机用户提供的行为,则无法根据“系统缓存避风港”或合理使用的一般规则免责,因此构成直接侵权.由于搜索引擎难以直接证明自己仅提供搜索和即时格式转换,以及没有在服务器中保留转换后的网页,所以法院应在个案中结合“WAP搜索”的技术特征,根据优势证据规则作出判断.     

论企业共同开发完成后之专利权共有——以我国台湾地区法律为论述基础

近年来科技产业由于研发投入日渐增长,企业间为降低投资风险且达到合纵连横之目的,盛行所谓共同开发(Joint-Development;CoDevelopment)的模式。在实务上,这种共同开发契约常约定未来产生的专利权由共同开发的双方共有(Co-Owner)并共同提出申请,在假设此种合约的准据法为我国台湾地区法律的前提下,这种知识产权共有的模式会衍生诸多法律与商业问题,亟待讨论和厘清。具体而言,可以从商业面(特别是经济分析)与法律面分别切入。法律层面上,宜将专利权共有定性为民法上的分别共有之一种特殊类型,并区别应有部分与共有之专利,二者会产生不同性质的法律问题,如现行法并未规定应有部分得否授权他人之问题,而专利共有与职务发明极易产生冲突。经济层面上,一般认为共有专利为少数共有人对某技术市场之垄断,故符合经济学上所谓寡占(Oligopoly)之定义,通过交易成本、赛局理论与公共财的悲剧等理论加以分析,结论上大多得出共有专利易于破局此一悲观的看法。     

Content and Access Agreements: An Analysis of Some of the Legal Issues Arising from Linking and Framing

This paper examines the subject of content and access agreements with a detailed analysis of the legal issues that arise from linking and framing. The law is examined from a UK perspective with a detailed study of significant developments in the USA. The main focus of the discussion is on copyright and contract, but the subject of trespass is also considered to cover those situations where contract and copyright remedies may not be available. The copyright analysis reveals uncertainty in the extent of the protection offered and this has had the effect of encouraging the use of contractual licences. Detailed consideration is given to the use and enforceability of such contractual licences and to the actual and potential problems of their increasing use. The paper shows that there are advantages and disadvantages associated with both copyright and contract and certain conceptual difficulties in the use of trespass are discussed. Nevertheless the factors identified and the expected continuation of existing trends show that the use of licences and formal agreements relating to linking and access will increase, especially where commercial actors have perceived strong interests to protect.     

Arising from the dead: challenges of posthumous procreation

The medical capabilities derived from modern reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization and cryopreservation, have enabled physicians and scientists to intervene in the procreative process in innumerable ways. However, this intervention in the natural reproductive process raises both moral and legal concerns. In this Article, Professor Schiff explores some of the conflicts that may result when an individual or couple elects to cryopreserve gametes or embryos and subsequently, one or both of the contributors dies, or when gametes are harvested from a dead body. This Article will specifically address the moral and legal responses to circumstances where the decedent has either clearly expressed opposition to posthumous use of the reproductive material or else the decedent's intent regarding posthumous use of the material is ambiguous. By discussing philosophical and moral positions relating to personhood and the body and analyzing legal issues such as reproductive choice and organ donation, Professor Schiff creates the necessary format to examine and recommend the proper legal treatment of this controversial aspect of posthumous procreation.     

Seeing Jurisdiction: Some Jurisprudential Issues Arising from Law Being ". . . All Over"

This article asks, “If law is all over, why don't we see it?” It takes seriously the fact that we see law in lawyers and buildings and police, but that there is more law out there. In this sense law is like religion, politics, and economics. It is an activity where various senses come into play. With law, we can learn to see more than we do. Jurisdiction is one of the easier areas of law to see. The article develops some of the distinctive ways we see jurisdiction and some of the ways seeing jurisdiction allows for more widespread participation in lawmaking. The article argues against our tendency to trivialize the law that we see.     

Hurricane Damage and the Law

The New Zealand Supreme Court was established on 1 January 2004 and began sitting in the latter part of that year. It replaces the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the nation’s court of final appeal.     

Some Themes Arising from the Last Edition of Family Court Review

In the last edition of the FRC, there are a number of articles which highlight ever‐present themes in the many dispute resolution industries. These themes are: The cyclical nature of family law and DR reform to and fro “faster, cheaper, less formal and more accessible”; Access barriers for the poor and middle class; Access barriers due to geography, distance, and cultural differences; Blossoming of a range of “abbreviated” (short and inexpensive) DR services; The essential, yet neglected, task of systematic diagnosis of possible causes of conflict, and of a possible range of helpful interventions: DR practitioners should aim to “at least do no harm”; If a DR practitioner exhibits care, and core communication skills, how much do different processes matter? The Hawthorne effect—all pilot projects tend to succeed?; There is a constant flow of stories, systematic and statistical knowledge in DR industries. Who is listening and translating this flow of information between the various DR silos and to the public?

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• The repetitive and predictable cycles of family law reform.
• Access to DR services restricted by finances, geography and cultural differences.
• The old saying “at least do no harm” should find a prominent place in all family DR services and training.
• The Hawthorne effect—all pilot and new projects seem to “succeed” for awhile. What follows?
• In the many family DR silos, there are “truths” embodied in stories, systems and statistics. Who can translate helpfully from one silo to another?

     

Problems Arising from the Mixed Composition and Structure of the Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers

This contribution addresses the structure and composition ofthe Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers (CEC), in particular thesuper-majority voting arrangements for national and internationaljudges. These rules, which reflect difficult negotiations betweenthe United Nations and the Cambodian Government, are likelyto impede trials by allowing not only determinations of guilt,but also key evidentiary decisions, to go unresolved. This maymake the effective operation of the CEC impossible.     

文化产业发展中的反垄断法制建设新问题

文化体制改革深入把文化产业市场化发展的有关问题推到了法学研究的前沿,特别是对与市场经济紧密联系的竞争法提出了新的课题。文化产业有区别于其他一般经济领域的特殊性,西方国家的立法经验和法律实践表明文化产业的市场化经营必须依靠竞争法调整和保障。发展文化产业给反垄断法制建设提出了新要求,正在制定中的我国反垄断法应就与文化产业发展有关的竞争问题作出相应的规定,为文化产业的市场化改革和发展提供法律保障。     

不纯正不作为犯罪中先行行为引起的义务研究

引起作为义务的先行行为应当是对法益安全造成了现实、具体、紧迫危险的行为,先行行为具有直接性、高概然性、临近性三个特征。原则上,先行行为应当以违反法律规范为前提。但是,在对行为人施加作为义务不与刑法的其他更高价值追求相违背的前提下,合法的先行行为也能够引起作为义务。在不违反禁止重复评价原则的前提下,应当肯定犯罪行为引起的作为义务。引起作为义务的先行行为自身既可以是作为,也可以是不作为;既可以是故意或者过失行为,也可以是无责任行为。     

计算机产生的作品作者身份确定问题探析

随着智能计算机技术的迅速发展．计算机正在大量、广泛地参与现实的创作活动,这样就出现了“计算机产生的作品作者身份确定问题.”对此,本文认为既不应以“机器不能创作”为由而否认计算机程序员或操作员的创造性劳动,也不应一概以“合作作者”来掩盖不同的劳动付出,而应以是否对作品有独创性贡献为标准来确定谁是作者,谁不是作者.     

油污损害因果关系的经济分析

本文运用经济学的分析方法,对船舶碰撞造成油污损害的因果关系问题进行了初步分析,进而认为没有充分的理由要求非油船也承担油污损害赔偿责任;油污损害赔偿责任应当仅由漏油船舶承担.     

民营企业财产继承法律问题研究

为保障民营企业的整体和可持续发展,处理好财产继承问题至关重要,否则会引发风险和带来危机.民营企业目前主要存在产权不清晰、不完备、缺乏创新,不同类型的民营企业与实现财产继承权及其他权利存在不衔接、不配套等问题,现行继承法及相关制度不健全、不完善等诸多法律难题.对此,研究并提出改革与完善产权制度,建构与完善现行继承法律制度与企业法律制度及其相互衔接的构想和建议,则具有现实性、重要性和紧迫性.     

Intersecting Issues Involving Asylum in the United States and Cases Arising Under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

The issue of immigration status has become the focal point in some cases arising under the 1980 Hague Convention on Child Abduction. Asylum claims affect both substantive and procedural issues that are presented to state and federal courts. A nexus has developed between undocumented immigrants who are parties to a Hague case, and issues of habitual residence, acclimatization, and grave risk. Asylum claims have forced courts to consider the viability of such claims, requests for stay of Hague cases pending the outcome of asylum claims, the likelihood of deportation, and the effect of grants of asylum on the particular issues in the case. Where asylum has been granted to either a parent or child, substantial consideration has been given to the asylum determination by the court hearing the Hague case.