政策工具选择与运用的逻辑研究——以四川Z乡农村公共产品供给为例

政策工具的选择与运用是政策工具研究的最基本主题和归宿。在梳理政策工具类型、公共产品和政策环境等理论的基础上建构了研究假设,认为政策项目的公共物品属性和政策环境决定了政策工具的选择与运用。通过深度访谈四川Z乡的相关群体,选择该乡若干个案来具体分析纯公共产品、俱乐部产品和公池资源供给中的政策工具选择与运用逻辑。文章验证了研究假设的合理性,并指出政策工具的优化组合是基本原则;引导类工具是实现政策目标的必要保障;管制类工具逐渐减少,市场类和自愿类工具逐渐增多是基本趋势。研究有助于深入理解政策项目的公共产品类型和政策环境因素的复杂交互性是如何影响各种政策工具的配套运用的。本文主要局限在于没有访谈县以上级别的政府官员,未能从他们那里选取经验材料进行分析。     

跨地区公共物品供给的博弈分析与路径选择

跨地区公共物品是具有特殊属性的公共物品,需要由两个以上的地方政府联合供给.从地方政府间横向博弈的角度看,容易出现供给失灵的局面.对此,可以通过构建良好的制度环境,建立合作共治的治理制度,合理规范地方政府自身行为等措施来改变跨地区公共物品的供给现状.     

关于地方政府提升公共物品供给能力的思考

政府垄断公共物品的提供与生产,是当前我国政府管理中存在的一个突出问题。政府可以是公共物品的提供者,但并不一定非是公共物品的生产者不可。要建立新的公共物品管理机制,使公共物品领域成为政府与市场共同调节的领域,建立社会参与机制,发挥政府、企业和公众的积极性,建立分级管理机制,规范各级政府间的权责关系。公共物品经营的模式应多元化,主要应有:公有公营;公有私营;私有私营;社会或使用者提供。     

政府行为与西部资源生态环境保护立法

西部大开发走可持续发展路径是历史必然。生态重建是西部大开发的前提和基础。西部生态重建实际上是建立生态公共产品生产、补偿的西部新资源和生态环境体制。政府行为是环境和资源体制函数的内生性变量。政府行为立法规范是西部资源与环境体制重构的关键。     

不完全契约的结构特征及其规制——基于物品视角的分析

物品基础上的不完全契约具有二重结构特点:一是自然属性和社会属性相结合的静态结构,二是在物品的具体供给过程中不完全公共契约与不完全私人契约“双向激励”的动态结构,这是不完全契约的症结所在。解决因这种二重结构导致的暇疵、悖论或困境,就要从二重结构的特点出发,首先明确公共权力的边界,建立强化市场型政府;同时构建融合政府、市场、自治三种基础性物品的供给机制以及其他组织的公共协商治理制度——协商共治。     

公共性、公共物品和自利性的概念辨析

公共性、公共物品和自利性等概念是公共行政学和公共管理学中的基本范畴。在现实的社会生活中,公共性、公共物品和自利性等问题都是历史地生成的,是在公私领域、公私部门分化分立的过程中被提出来的。所以,这些概念仅仅适用于对近代社会的分析。公共性是指公共部门、政府的属性;公共物品是由公共部门、政府提供给社会的具有公共性的物品;自利性的概念则是指人的行为动机,至于组织机构和部门则不存在着自利性的问题。     

财政分权、政治晋升、环境规制失灵: 一个政治经济学的分析框架

环境资源的公共产权属性决定了其容量的使用需要环境规制.对地方主要政府官员的政治激励约束机制是影响地方政府环境规制绩效的主要因素.优化政府环境规制绩效的路径选择关键在于激励与约束相容的制度安排,在于建立政府、生产企业、社会大众利益相协调的激励约束机制.     

第三部门与公共物品供给：方式选择及政府作用

福利经济学主流观点认为公共物品只能由政府供给。事实上,在众多市场经济国家,第三部门在公共物品的供给中发挥着重要作用。由于政府、市场、第三部门各有优势和劣势,西方国家第三部门在提供公共物品的实践中形成了取长补短、相互合作的方式。政府在其中起着掌舵和催化剂的作用。目前,中国第三部门在提供公共物品的过程中更多地体现出政府的依附性,这是由转型期社会特点和政府管理体制决定的。政府的任务应当是加快自身职能转变和提供有利的制度环境,切实发挥第三部门在供给公共物品中的作用,将对加入WTO后中加政府的治道变革产生积极影响。     

谈公共产品与政府规制学的法律定位

把公共物品作为行政法的推理起点,可以把规制法学纳入行政法学的理论框架之内,并实现传统行政法学的自我飞跃。如果说传统行政法学是一种程序法,那么政府规制法就是实体性的,因为它探究了公共物品的性质,并把制定政策的最后依据放在公共物品的客观需要上。公共物品作为行政法律关系的客体,既包括行政规制的对象,也能涵盖普通行政管理的对象,把公共物品作为行政法学推理的起点,可以实现规制理论和行政法学的合流,并使行政法学实现由程序主义向实体主义的飞跃。     

论新世纪行政体制改革的目标与路径

1.公共型政府。进入新世纪,在全面建设小康社会的新形势下,政府的主要职能是管理社会公共事务,生产公共物品,提供公共服务。这样,政府就不再是哪个阶级的利益代表,而是社会公共利益的代表,是公共意志的执行机构。因此,在公共行政体制下,政府的首要特性是其公共性。2.公正型政府。公共行政体制下的政府既然是社会公共利益的代表者和公共意志的执行者,就必须主持正义、公道,公平、公正地对待每一个经济主体和社会主体,绝不能厚此薄彼,更不能制定和实行区别对待的政策。这是创造公平竞争环境的需要,是市场经济发展和民主政治建设的必然要求,也…     

An Ecological Approach to Decision-making in Renewable Resource Management

This article examines the roles of politics and processes in the formulation and implementation of U.S. natural resource policy during the Reagan and Bush administrations. The relationship between policies and procedures during these administrations will be illustrated by their effects on renewable natural resources management in the Department of the Interior and in the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. The political history of these agencies raises doubts regarding their voluntarily adopting an ecological approach to the management of natural resources. Historically they have been largely captives of their clienteles—farmers, ranchers, miners, loggers, hunters and fishermen. Recreation and tourism have added new clients, whose interests often clash with the older interests in the land and its resources. Further complicating the roles of these agencies has been the environmental movement and new science-based analyses (e.g., impact assessment). Management science has introduced new methods that have increased the effectiveness of political control over policy and performance. Therefore, in evaluating the administration of environmental policies distinction should be made between the substance of policies and implementing procedures. Policies regarded as good may be poorly administered and policies harmful to the public interest may be efficiently executed.     

Introduction: Changing Public Sector Industrial Relations in the Australian State

During the last two decades, governments have restructured their public services. Public administration has been largely replaced by public management, reflecting a more market oriented approach. In line with this pattern of change, the Australia public services at both state and Commonwealth levels, since the early 1980s, have undergone significant change. The aim of this symposium is to explore the dimensions, detail and impact of these developments, tracing the implications of public service reorganisation and operations for public sector industrial relations. The contributions therefore focus on government policies, management and industrial relations and implications for collective organisation and action. Changes in five states and one territory are considered as well as those at the Commonwealth level.     

Judicious Incentives: International Public Policy Responses to the Globalization of Environmental Management

Public policymakers and regulators worldwide are grappling with the desire to improve environmental quality through appropriate regulation of business, while also streamlining government. Concurrently, environmentally conscience consumers are calling for improved environmental performance by industry. As a result of these pressures, regulators and lawmakers worldwide are attempting to craft effective policies that create adequate incentives for environmental protection on the part of firms, in the face of decreasing budgets and an increased demand for the use of market‐based incentives. To aid decision makers as they struggle with these concerns, this study provides a detailed case examination of the dilemmas and responses of national‐level regulators as they try to develop appropriate responses to the rise of international and “voluntary” management regimes. To accomplish these goals, this article compares the public policy responses of governments around the world to one such voluntary international environmental regime: ISO 14001. ISO 14001 is a form of industry self‐regulation in response to market forces calling for harmonization in environmental management and as a result of consumer and trade‐partner demands. This study examines the relationships between regulators and the regulated in order to understand if ISO 14001 certified firms are receiving regulatory relief or other forms of public policy/regulatory benefits as a result of their certification. It will also examine the impact that government incentives (or their absence) are having on the certification decisions of firms around the world. This information helps us to begin to understand how the trends toward smaller government and voluntary environmental regimes are affecting one another.     

Infinitely repeated contests: How strategic interaction affects the efficiency of governance

Contests over the scope and strength of regulation and governance are commonplace – and commonly repeated. The same players vie for the same government prize year after year: for example, environmental standards, government contracts, research grants, and public good provision. The open question is whether more rents are dissipated in repeated regulatory contests than onetime competitions. This question matters for regulation and governance because societies should design policies to waste the fewest scarce resources. According to some, the answer is “no”, but others say “yes”– more resources are wasted when people compete repeatedly for the same government prize. Herein, we use two game theoretic equilibrium concepts to help untangle the answer. Our results suggest non‐myopic contestants are more likely to behave as partners than rivals – provided the context is relatively sterile. Several common complications help break up the tacit partnership, including a disparity in relative ability, a shrinking prize, and additional players.     

中国性别失衡问题的社会管理:整体性治理框架

1980年以来中国的出生人口性别比开始急剧升高并长期高位徘徊.随着中国社会的快速转型,性别失衡作为社会管理领域的重大人口问题正面临着诸多问题和挑战.因此在当前的人口社会管理中的管理理念和公共政策等方面就需要突破旧有的管理格局和机制,引入整体性治理理论,最终构建性别平等的和谐社会.本文描述了中国出生人口性别比的最新态势,评述了近年来性别失衡治理的公共政策体系,从整体性治理理论出发论述了社会管理视域下性别失衡治理问题,并基于整体性治理理论提出了性别失衡的社会管理框架,为政府性别失衡治理问题提供支持.基于上述框架,本文发现在中国的性别失衡社会管理框架中存在碎片化问题,公共政策体系需要完善,在性别失衡整体性治理的社会管理框架中要纳入对大龄未婚男性的关注.     

Speaking Like Statesmen or Scientists: Differentiating Congressional and Administrative Views on Data

ABSTRACT

Do legislators and executives speak of data the same way when speaking about public sector data? Public management scholarship and public performance policies often emphasize data-driven decision making as the path to making government efficient and effective. Whether the public policy makers mean the same thing when they speak about data in discussions of data-driven performance and decision making is unknown. In this article, the authors present an analysis of the language of data in conversations about government performance. Two frameworks are identified for the role of data in public performance—the statesman’s and the scientist’s. A corpus-level analysis of over 30 years of government documents is used to demonstrate the differences between these two approaches. This research builds consciously on the work of previous scholars seeking to map the nuances of data-driven performance management policies in the U.S. federal government.     

Australian Rural Local Governments and Environmental Sustainability: An Evaluation of Progress

Local government is often characterised as being well-placed to enact a successful agenda for environmental sustainability because of its closeness to both people and the environment. The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which this assumption is correct in terms of local government environmental policies and programs in rural Australia. Using case studies with eight local government authorities in Queensland and New South Wales, the article documents three different positions on a continuum of environmental engagement. These are 'disengaged', 'moving towards engagement' and 'engaged'. The article concludes by arguing that the resource constraints facing rural local councils limit their capacity to engage with environmental management.     

政府特许经营若干问题研究——关于"什刹海胡同游"政府特许经营的实例调查

政府对“胡同”这一旅游资源实施特许经营,在全国尚无先例。北京市西城区政府率先对“什刹海胡同游”实施特许经营,是对现代管理方式的一次大胆尝试。本文从分析“什刹海胡同游”政府特许经营的必要性入手,阐明其实质是对公共资源的产权重组;通过对该项目实施步骤及相关法律问题的探讨,理顺各种法律关系;同时对政府特许经营的实施经验加以思考总结,意图为政府特许经营制度的完善提供参考。     

Policymaking in Multiparty Presidential Regimes: A Comparison between Brazil and Ecuador

This paper explores why two countries with similar electoral, partisan, and presidential institutions, have produced significantly different policy outcomes in Latin America. Brazil and Ecuador are conventionally known as having highly fragmented party systems, where legislators have great incentives to cultivate a personal vote. Presidents are perceived to be strong and to make large use of government resources in order to advance their agenda. Yet, policies in Brazil are more likely to respond to shocks and to be more stable over time than policies in Ecuador, where policies remain vulnerable to political changes and realignments. We argue that this variation is explained by the different nature of political coalitions formed in each country. We identify three factors that increase the executive's ability to craft governing coalitions in congress: the availability of valuable coalition currencies, the influence of long‐term political horizons, and the extent to which political transactions are credibly and effectively enforced.