Selling the technology-transfer function

Throughout the federal system, agency technical directors, laboratory managers, and laboratory scientists are faced with a combination of increasing opportunities and external interests in facilitating the transfer of federal technology to civil use. But this process is unlikely to be significantly strengthened or provided with the needed continuity of effort without a more organized and conscious effort to sell the technology-transfer function as one that is important to the US economy. This effort should no be limited to convincing industrial leaders and their laboratories. It needs to involve a more diverse leadership, including the media, professional and trade associations, and public interest groups. It also must be directed internally within federal agencies, to the laboratory management therein, and even to the bench-scientist level. Oftentimes the increased technologytransfer activity that one sees in federal agencies and laboratories belies the fact that there remains a good deal of confusion, misinformation, and lack of interest on the part of laboratory management, intermediate managers, and scientists concerning the value and importance of technology transfer to both the American economy and to the laboratories.     

Database considerations in a technology-transfer network

A computer-based network to support technology transfer between campuses of the California State University and local industry is described. Options associated with designing the database and configuring the hardware are evaluated. The TECHNET system involves 20 campuses of the state university system and is designed to support 1,000 industrial firms. The database consists of faculty expertise in the forms of resumes and company products and capabilities. Member companies may query the database to identify faculty (preferably at a local campus) and/or another company that can help them solve technological and business problems. The benefit of TECHNET to companies in addition to problem solving is new business opportunities and to faculty is consulting opportunities. The work is supported by the California Competitive Technology Project office of the California Department of Commerce.     

An evolving technology-transfer system in an R&D consortium: The EPRI approach

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is a consortium of utility companies whose existence depends on member perceptions that valuable technologies and information have been developed and transferred. This paper outlines eight issues that EPRI, after 17 years of operation had determined to be critical in transferring technology: [1] establishing a perception of value received, [2] creating a sense of full partnership, [3] balancing the R&D portfolio with projects for different members, [4] packaging results for easy understanding and use, [5] reducing information overload by using targeted media, [6] assuring that members have the needed infrastructure to receive and process transfer, [7] integrating EPRI's R&D program with those of the members, and [8] monitoring impact to be sure that value is being received.     

From linearity to holism in technology-transfer models

Ideographic models have become a common means to construct, represent, and explain complex ideas, for they provide simplified versions of the way multiple and diverse elements, concepts, and variables interact. This paper shows a variety of ideographic models' structural arrangements that may be associated with the processes of technology transfer. It is suggested that some of the fundamental characteristics of technology-transfer initiatives will be influenced by the general properties of the kind of structure adopted to organize ideas, elements, and courses of action. Within the context of previously published research, complementary findings are presented here. Structures of eight different ideographic models are identified, defined, and discussed to provide researchers, authors, and practitioners with a reference that may facilitate the construction, use, and analysis of these models.     

A guide to the best technology-transfer practices

In analyzing the best technology-transfer practices of a broad cross-section of goverment agencies, research institutions, and national and industrial laboratories, it was found that different technology-transfer practices should be used at the prospecting, developing, trial, and adoption stages of technology transfer. These results are summarized in a benchmark model that indicates which best practices to use at each stage of the technology-transfer process, and what roles should be played by technology disseminators, developers, sponsors, and implementors during these stages. Rules are suggested for making cost-effectiveness trade-offs among alternative best practices and designing optimal transfer strategies when budgets are limited.     

A study of technology-transfer mechanisms for federally funded R&D

The purpose of this study is to understand the relative effectiveness of various technology-transfer mechanisms used in transferring federally funded research and development projects. An analysis is carried out for 116 technology-transfer case studies based on survey data compiled through the US Department of Energy program offices. The results show that offering financial incentives and creating supportive advisory groups are highly successful ways to transfer technology.     

析案方法论

析案是公安机关办案人员的基本功,也是公安实践中最常见,最重要的思维方式。析案必须遵循法制、求实、传承与创新并重的原则,并沿用科学、实证、先进的方法。从认识、组织、制度、措施等路径切入,是实现析案原则和方法的有效途径。     

当代科学方法论的特质

科技史证明许多伟大的科技成就都取决于方法创新和思维革命。从原子论、整体论、归纳演绎论、分析综合论、直觉论、否证论、一直到各种非理性主义,人类的思维和方法经历了一系列的飞跃与革命。方法创新和思维革命打破了科技活动中那些僵死陈旧的研究传统,推动着科学技术的不断进步与繁荣。今天,人类要想继续推动科学技术突飞猛进,就需要在认识论和方法论上特别关注普遍流行的各种非理性方法和后现代思维。其中,特别需要抬高直觉创造,提升科幻神话,倡扬发散式思维,普及科学虚构和赛博虚构,以提升人的发明创造能力。     

论科赫特的精神分析方法论

本从认识论的角度分析了科赫特的精神分析方法论,剖析了科赫特对精神分析实质的论述,具体阐述了科赫特对神入这一概念的澄清,分析了科赫特的精神分析方法论对其所发展的精神分析自身心理学和整个精神分析的发展所具有的意义。科赫特对精神分析实质的界定,为精神分析自身心理学理论的发展开辟了道路。证明了自身心理学仍然属于精神分析传统,确保了精神分析是一门纯粹的心理学,为反对精神分析的生物学化倾向和社会学化倾向提供了依据。科赫特的精神分析方法论也导致科赫特的自身心理学只描述个体早期心理发展的般状况,而不关注其具体内容。     

在“有”与“无”之间——法学方法论杂谈

近年来,方法论成了法学界的热点话题,不仅在法理学或法哲学圈子里,在这之外的法学圈也是如此,只是稍稍滞后一些。法学方法论的问题通常是研究法理学或法哲学的学者所关注的问题,主要是作为一个学术问题来对待,并未走出纯学术的范围,与部门法研究进行充分地对话。以前,即使法理学界也并未像现在这样集中关注于方法论问题,     

德国法学方法论

一般认为,对于一门学术型学科而言,一套方法的存在及由此而形成的方法论至关重要。在德国,法律一直以来都是一门学术型学科。作为被称之为"法学"(字面意思是法律"科学",更确切地说是有关法律的学问)的研究对象,法律以具有一套专门的法学方法论为其特征。在德国大学法学院中,法学方法论是一门非常重要的讲授科目,且围绕这门课程有大量的法学文献。这些文献所讨论的是德国法律人如何(或者更准确地说:应该如何)开展法律工作。德语文献相关讨论中的一个特殊之处在于,在概念上区分"法律解释"与"法的续造"。方法论的讨论涉及制定法解释的各种相关要素、先决条件、不同层级,以及法的续造的合法性等问题。除此之外,还应意识到,对于德国法方法论的讨论是在不同的政治发展历程下展开的。基于此,本文从以下五个一般性话题展开对方法论的讨论:第一,德国、瑞士以及奥地利在方法论上的共性;第二,方法论讨论的规范特征;第三,不同法律领域中所出现的方法论上的差异;第四,法教义学与法学方法论的关系;第五,德国所讨论问题的历史背景。     

现代培训理论与方法浅析

现代培训理论和方法是应时代发展需要而产生的。它要求通过培训需求分析来确定培训目标,必须围绕解决绩效问题进行精细的培训教学设计,发展经验学习理论,选择恰当的培训形式和教学方法,借助现代化的教学辅助手段,努力提升培训质量。     

世界贸易组织法学方法论问题刍议

方法论的确定和方法的选取及应用对法学研究具有十分重要的意义。世界贸易组织法的本质是国家个体主义的,采用个体主义方法论指导世界贸易组织法学的研究符合世界贸易组织法的本质属性。在抛弃了传统法学的价值分析方法后,成本收益分析方法和国际政治分析方法更能揭示世界贸易组织法的判断标准,另外,比较分析方法和博弈分析方法对于世界贸易组织法学的研究也很有必要。同时在应用上述分析方法进行研究时应注意具体方法的适用条件和应用成效。     

比较法学的目的和方法论

比较法学的目的和方法论是比较法研究中存在诸多争议的论题,在比较法发展的不同阶段对此有不同的认识。风行一时的功能性比较方法存在许多缺陷和盲点。比较法的方法应当是比较不同法律制度的客观存在的异同点,其目的在于通过了解外国法律制度更正确地认识本国的法律制度,而不是移植外国法律。比较法学的研究应当紧密结合本国的社会经济条件、文化传统和历史习惯。     

试析女性主义心理学的方法论

女性主义方法论的探讨与争论是女性主义心理学研究的焦点:女性主义心理学研究区别于非女性主义心理学研究最重要的特征在于其女性主义方法论;女性主义心理学批判心理学中量化研究与质化研究范式之争为虚假的两极之争,倡导多元方法论;女性主义认识论上的分歧导致其对于知识与性别的关系的不同主张,并最终导致了女性主义心理学在方法和方法论取向上的不同偏好。