Does fair trade make a difference? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua

Fair trade represents an innovative approach to make the rules of global trade work for disadvantaged producers in the South and for sustainable development. But who are the real beneficiaries of fair trade? Has fair trade resulted in any discernible improvements in the lives of small coffee producers and their communities? This paper examines the effectiveness of fair trade as a development tool and the extent of its contribution to the alleviation of poverty in coffee-producing regions of Nicaragua. The paper argues that it is crucial to analyse the experiences and problems of small coffee producers and producer organisations involved in the fair trade market to ensure that the objectives and claims of fair trade are achieved in practice. The study concludes that there are limits to the extent to which fair trade can significantly raise the standard of living of small coffee producers because of factors such as the debt problems faced by cooperatives, lack of government support, and volatile international coffee prices.     

小热休克蛋白家族的研究进展

196 2年Ritossa等发现果蝇唾液腺多线染色体在环境温度升高时,某些特定部位在1min内就出现“蓬松”现象,当温度恢复到正常时,其他部位才会出现类似的蓬松。用3H尿嘧啶核苷掺入试验这些蓬松部位的基因具有转录活性。1974年Tissieres发现热诱导基因蓬松的活化产物是一组热休克蛋白(heatshockprotein ,HSP)。这一现象被称为热休克应答(heatshockresponse )。进一步的研究发现它普遍存在于从细菌到高等真核生物的整个生物界,并且可以被氨基酸类似物、生长因子、重金属离子、病毒感染等多种因素诱导,所以又称为“应激反应”。目前,将HSP按分…     

How can small donors contribute to sustainable development in large regions? The case of NZAID in Latin America

Donors face many issues when trying to support development goals in large regions such as Latin America. In their attempts to channel assistance to appropriate end‐users, they also have to provide coherence with national strategy, balance supply and demand of technical resources, and ensure accountability to their taxpayers. Resolution of these issues requires considerable focus and a clear understanding of all relevant factors. This is particularly so for, but not exclusive to, small donors. This paper provides agencies with a model to assess regional involvement and create a decision‐making framework for future investments. It places the quality of aid above the quantity of donation.     

小分子半抗原抗体制备技术的研究进展

从半抗原的设计与合成、新型载体和佐剂的使用、基因工程抗体的应用等方面论述了小分子半抗原抗体制备技术的最新研究情况,旨在为制备一些采用常规方法不易获得的小分子半抗原抗体提供新的方法和思路。     

Gender-awareness and policies: theory and practice among small NGDOs

While in recent years, many nongovernmental development organizations (NGDOs) have committed themselves to addressing gender inequality in their development work, little is known about the gender-related practices of small NGDOs with annual budgets of less than 1 million pounds. It is known, however, that larger NGDOs tend to have developed more gender-aware policies and practices than smaller ones. Findings are reported from an exploration of the gender-related awareness and practices of 13 small NGDOs, 8 based in the UK and 5 based in Cameroon. The study found that at the organizational level, all studied organizations were aware of the concept of gender and acknowledged its importance, but had a wide range of ideas of what gender actually means. Most organizations had not devised any specific way of incorporating gender into their programs because they had neither a specific person nor unit responsible for gender issues. Male NGDO employees were not really involved in gender issues. Policy- and project-level findings are presented, followed by consideration of the problems encountered by small NGDOs, the advantages of such organizations, how to ensure gender-aware practices, gender and development versus women in development approaches, and recommendations for good practice.     

Mediation by small states: Some lessons from the CSCE

Most writing on international mediation has tended to focus on either efforts by representatives of powerful states or of international organisations such as the United Nations. This study suggests we might benefit from looking at the mediatory role of small states in a relatively little studied but crucial forum. The writer draws of his personal experiences and the existing literature to examine the case of a few key states in the Madrid Review Conference of the CSCE. These states are suggested to have been primordial to the success of this conference, against all the odds given the Afghanistan and Polish crises of the early 1980s. The paper also discusses the extant literature on small states and mediation to make a plea for a more empirical approach to this area of conflict resolution.     

Balancing act: Business and household in a small Bolivian city

Sucre is a city of micro enterprises. The lines between business and household are often blurred: accounts are mixed, space is shared, and partners from outside the household are rare. On the surface, this kind of business organisation seems most inadequate for economic success. Yet a closer look at the internal workings of Sucre's businesses suggests that the complex 'balancing act' between business and household may represent not sloppy management (as micro-enterprise development agencies often maintain), but a flexible strategy for household well-being. Sucre's businesses essentially follow 'triple bottom line' accounting at the household level, taking into account both financial and non-financial goals.     

Studying small states in international security affairs: a quantitative analysis

Todays’ international security architecture composed of international security treaties and international security norms has been established and formalized by negotiations. Owing to the great importance of international security negotiations for international security practices, this paper sheds light on negotiation activities. A study of 100 different international security negotiations shows that states vary considerably with respect to their negotiation activity. Some countries voice positions very often, while others remain completely silent. This is puzzling, as active negotiation participation is an expression of state sovereignty and a means to influence the shape of the international security architecture. The article distinguishes between capacity and incentives as driving forces of state activity in international security negotiations. The analysis reveals that, next to political and financial capacities, states that place high priority on military matters are more active, while smaller and poorer states are more likely to shelter under the security umbrella of larger counterparts.     

蜂花粉对肉鸡小肠发育的影响

将144只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为2组,每组72只,日粮中分别添加0(对照组)和15g/kg(试验组)的蜂花粉,每周每组随机抽取试验鸡6只,剖取十二指肠、空肠、回肠,测量肠管长度及肠绒毛、肠腺长度,并制作石蜡切片,进行组织学观察,研究了日粮中添加蜂花粉对肉鸡小肠发育的影响。结果显示,试验组1～3周龄鸡的小肠绒毛和肠腺的长度显著或极显著高于对照组,肠道淋巴组织较发达,证实蜂花粉能够促进肉鸡小肠的早期发育,增强组织免疫功能。     

Banking on the poor: Peru's small and micro enterprise sector

Sixty per cent of Peru's urban workforce is employed within the small and micro enterprises (SMEs) which account for 95 per cent ofall business in the country's manufacturing, commercial, and service sectors. But in spite of credit needs of some US$ 1,250 million, in 1994 the combined input from the formal financial sector, international development agencies, and NGOs met only five per cent of this demand. The author examines the six principal mechanisms through which credit is available to SMEs, and describes the work of a Peruvian NGO network- IDESI- which specialises in providing credit and related services to small businesses, and in making strategic linkages between the popular sector and the conventional banking system.     

论中亚地区小武器和轻武器的扩散现状及其来源

在近20年的发展历程中,中亚地区基本保持了相对和平与稳定,但是地区各国本身所固有的多种不利因素,如边界纠纷、民族矛盾、毒品走私、宗教偏执、恐怖主义以及与动荡的阿富汗毗邻等,一直刺激着该地区小武器和轻武器的扩散及滥用。总体来说,中亚地区的小武器和轻武器持有状况比较复杂,持有主体呈多元化发展态势,小武器和轻武器的来源也极为复杂,其中苏联解体、塔吉克斯坦内战、伊斯兰极端主义、恐怖主义、毒品贸易、阿富汗战争、反政府暴力骚乱和民族冲突等在加剧该地区局势动荡的同时,也使大量小武器和轻武器流向了社会。作为中国的近邻,中亚地区小武器和轻武器的扩散将直接关系到中国西部的安全与稳定,因此深入研究中亚各国小武器和轻武器的扩散状况及其来源问题具有非常重要的现实意义。     

Developing small production and marketing enterprises: mushroom contract farming in Bangladesh

This article presents a case study of an activity implemented under the FAO component of the Local Partnerships for Urban Poverty Alleviation Project, funded by UNDP in Bangladesh. In Mymensingh city the project is linking poor urban dwellers with a niche market for oyster mushroom. This small enterprise activity appears to be sustainable, in that it develops agricultural production to cater for the specific demand of an existing small marketing enterprise. As long as the trader finds a market for his mushroom, he has an incentive to collaborate with the project beneficiaries who supply the produce. This model is thus an example of mutual benefit between extremely small landholders and a trader through the catalytic effect of a development project.     

小尾寒羊妊娠毒血症的诊治

羊妊娠毒血症是孕畜特有的疾病 ,多发生在妊娠中后期 ,又有妊娠中毒症、妊娠反应病和临产拒食症之称。该病主要表现为精神沉郁、临产前食欲减退或废绝。1997年沈阳市于洪区于洪乡某机场饲养的小尾寒羊发生以母羊临产前出现不爱吃草 ,喝水少 ,排便干稀交替 ,严重者停食 ,心音亢进 ,运动失调 ,站立不稳 ,最后昏迷而死亡为特征的疾病。经临床症状观察、剖检变化和实验室诊断 ,确诊为羊妊娠毒血症。1　致病因素引起妊娠毒血症的因素 ,一是饲养管理不当 ,饲料单一 ,营养成分不全 ,缺乏运动致使妊娠羊营养失调 ,物质代谢过程减弱 ,适应能力降低 ;…     

猪瘟病毒感染的小型猪体内病毒的复制情况及淋巴细胞变化

用106 TCID50CSFV石门株感染巴马小型猪,通过监测被感染猪的临床体温、观察其病理变化、检测猪瘟病毒在体内的复制情况、检查猪瘟病毒感染后对外周血淋巴细胞增殖的影响,并分析外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的动态变化,以确定巴马小型猪对CSFV的敏感性。结果,攻毒后第3天被感染的巴马小型猪出现病毒血症,并在第7天就已达到1×106 copies/μL以上;腹股沟淋巴结中病毒含量最高,颌下淋巴结次之。淋巴细胞增殖试验表明,用固定剂量的刀豆素刺激,被感染的巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞增殖出现不同程度降低;其外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的比例降低。结果表明,巴马小型猪可以作为CSFV的感染模型。     

丁酸钠对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态结构的影响

将12头断奶仔猪分为3个处理组(丁酸钠组:基础日粮 1 g/kg丁酸钠,抗生素组:基础日粮 抗生素,复合组:基础日粮 抗生素 1 g/kg丁酸钠),饲喂4 周后,采用组织学和扫描电镜技术,对仔猪小肠黏膜上皮和杯状细胞的显微和超微结构进行了观察研究。结果显示,各试验组的空肠和回肠黏膜结构完整,层次清晰,肠绒毛排列整齐,柱状细胞结构清晰,丁酸钠组和复合组肠绒毛粗壮,而抗生素组肠绒毛顶端偶见肠上皮脱落,肠绒毛相对较细;各试验组回肠的杯状细胞数量为空肠的1.3~2.2倍,且以复合组的杯状细胞数最多,丁酸钠组次之,抗生素组最少;各试验组空肠和回肠肠上皮表面微绒毛结构清晰,排列整齐,复合组的细胞衣最厚且均匀,丁酸钠组次之,抗生素组较薄。表明,丁酸钠能促进杯状细胞增殖,改善小肠黏膜上皮细胞的形态结构,进而促进仔猪的消化吸收,提高其生产性能,其在这些方面的作用均优于抗生素。     

羊泰勒虫中国株裂殖子的蛋白分析

采用SDSPAGE和Westernblotting试验对羊泰勒虫临潭株、隆德株、张家川株和夏河株裂殖子蛋白进行了分析。SDSPAGE结果显示,羊泰勒虫临潭株与隆德株的亲缘关系较近;张家川株与夏河株的亲缘关系也比较近。4个虫株的阳性血清分别与4个株裂殖子蛋白的Westernblotting试验结果表明,4个株虫体的阳性血清与临潭株和张家川株的裂殖子蛋白在38ku处有共同反应。提示38ku蛋白多肽有望成为特异性诊断抗原,为重组疫苗的研究提供依据。     

Explaining the behaviour of small states: an analysis of Jordan's nuclear energy policya

Conventional analyses claim that small states bandwagon with leading international powers. The dominant view is that small states' vulnerabilities and limited power hinder their ability to pursue policy goals. This study critiques this position by investigating why and how Jordan continues to pursue a nuclear energy programme despite objections from the United States—its principal ally. By using theories of small states, this study analyses discursive practices in Jordanian policymaking. This approach is used to describe Jordan's nuclear energy policy and posit a logic of the effects that energy insecurity has on the government's perception of Jordan as a ‘small state’. I use this to create hypotheses concerning the conditions under which small states may not simply bandwagon with key international allies, but may have more freedom to pursue their goals than traditional analyses predict. Explanations that assume small states always have limited freedom to pursue policy goals without the backing of key allies are not supported by the evidence considered here.     

Show them the flag: status ambitions and recognition in small state coalition warfare

ABSTRACT

Why do small states actively contribute to US- and NATO-led military operations? The small state literature has recently developed a novel explanation, referring to their dependency upon the alliance hegemon. The logic is that the small states aim to improve their status and reputation in order to remain relevant and to receive protection. This article contributes to this literature by moving away from this fear of abandonment motivation towards more positive status incitements. It shows how such status motives actually guide and shape small states’ military contributions in US- or NATO-led operations. It does so by using recent innovations in process-tracing methodology to create a status-seeking mechanism. Using the case of Belgium’s participation in the military coalition against ISIL, this article goes beyond the usual Scandinavian suspects in the small state literature and demonstrates that status motivations have relevance for a wider group of small states.     

孕酮对大鼠小肠黏膜结构及其相关细胞的影响

为了研究孕酮对小肠黏膜屏障结构的影响,将24只Wistar健康雌性大鼠进行同期发情处理后,于发情间情期随机分为4组。对照组:只做假手术;OVX组:双侧卵巢摘除;OVX P1组:双侧卵巢摘除 孕酮2 mg/kg;OVX P2组:双侧卵巢摘除 孕酮10 mg/kg,连续用药7 d后宰杀,观察小肠黏膜上皮细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞形态结构和数量的变化。结果表明,和对照组相比,OVX组大鼠的小肠黏膜结构有明显损伤,绒毛萎缩,绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值(V/C)明显降低,上皮内淋巴细胞数量和杯状细胞的数量减少;补充2种剂量的孕酮后,各项指标比OVX组有不同程度的改善,其中OVX P1组与OVX组差异显著,且好于OVX P2组。证实,卵巢摘除对大鼠小肠黏膜屏障结构有严重影响,补充适量孕酮可以在一定程度上减轻对黏膜屏障结构的影响。