我国环境政策与环境法律

政策和法律不是一个范畴的概念,从法学的角度看环境政策和环境法律两个术语差距亦是很大,然而这两个术语在我国学术研究中被混用,所以在理论上造成了混乱和矛盾,这有各方面的原因。厘清两者的界限,认清它们的关系,对严格学术有基础性的意义。     

论环境政策与环境法律的环境保护合力作用

我国的环境保护工作起步于环境政策,在建设法治国家进程中环境政策与环境法律的并存是客观实际的需要。环境政策和环境法律是我国保护环境的两种有效手段,二者有着共同的利益基础,二者并不矛盾,应当协调配合,共同发挥环境保护的合力作用。本文分析了环境政策与环境法律协调发展的理论基础,提出在现阶段环境政策和环境法律应当并存,进而提出正确处理环境政策与环境法律的协调配合关系。     

新加坡投资的经济环境与法律政策分析

新加坡自从独立以来,一直致力于把国家建设为世界政治、贸易、金融、航运中心,在始终将本国融入整个世界经济发展进程中,依托世界市场特别是东南亚市场发展本国经济。但是由于国内资源匮乏,资金不足等制约因素,单靠国内力量是不可能走上工业化道路的,因此,大力吸引外国投资是促进新加坡加快经济发展的重要措施。     

关于我国可持续发展与环境法律的一些探讨

环境保护是我国可持续发展战略的主要内容，环境保护的目的是为了实现资源的永续利用和给人们生产生活提供一个良好的生态环境。然而可持续发展的重要性在一定程度上目前仍没有给予重视，还必须健全相关的法律法规，提高全民的环境法律意识。使其在法律的制约下和引导下充分认识到环境可持续发展不仅是国家的事更关系到我们每个人的生活。本文就我国环境可持续发展及环境法律建设现状进行了浅显的分析探讨。     

环境法律与环境政策的抵牾与交融——以环境侵权救济为视角

环境法律实质上仅是社会悲剧性地分配资源的一种手段,市场、习俗、惯例和政策等手段都综合参与决定了资源的分配,在环境侵权救济中,环境政策是影响环境法律的重要因素。环境政策实施对于环境法律在环境侵权救济中的影响可以分为三个层面:公共政策的演进促进环境侵权法律责任机制内在机理的更新;专门的环境政策催生新的环境法律、更新环境法律机制;地方政府对于中央环境政策再界定过程,形成了多种类型的地方环境政策,对于环境侵权救济的影响也呈现出多种形态。     

浅谈我国农村的环境问题与环境政策

本文通过对我国农村环境面临的挑战及农村环境政策存在的问题的全面分析,提出了解决这些问题的对策和方略,其目的是建立环保性的可持续发展的中国农业。     

论可持续发展与环境资源法律保障

中国综合国力日益强大,但其背后也产生了环境资源保护的难题。其产生的因素主要表现在:可持续发展思想尚未为成为我国环境资源立法的指导思想;环保部门权限不清等因素。实现社会主义现代化强国的战略目标,必须解决好环境资源保护这一难题,而完善与可持续发展相关的环境资源法律保障体系是解决好这个难题的关键。     

法律政策对污染型环境犯罪因果关系证明的影响

污染型环境犯罪因果关系证明有时极为困难。法律政策在司法过程中的作用主要表现在其可被法院援引作为判决正当化理由。法律政策会直接影响污染型环境犯罪因果关系的证明价值、证明方法的选择、证明责任的分配、证明标准的程度、相关概念的解释以及刑事责任的认定。法官在自由裁量污染型环境犯罪因果关系是否存在时可以适当考虑法律政策的需要。     

中国企业针对欧盟环境政策战略

如今欧盟在全世界范围内有最发达的地方性环境保护制度。欧盟作为国际环境协议中重要的成员,积极参与国际环境法律的立法活动,因此欧盟的27个同盟国家也严格受其约束。对近年来欧盟在环境方面采取的措施所作的研究表明,充分体现共同意志的共同协商方式已成为普遍手段。欧盟的环境政策和环境法对中国企业的贸易来往有着重要的影响,对此本文进行了关于中国企业如何对应并解决这一问题的研究。     

我国乡镇企业法律环境分析

乡镇企业是中国农民的伟大创造,这种创造实际上是城乡分割二元结构的既定框架内的一种别无选择的选择。本文通过对乡镇企业内、外部法律环境的阐述,了解到目前乡镇企业内部法律环境的现状,针对现状不足采取一系列举措来优化我国乡镇企业的法律环境,从而为乡镇企业改革和发展创造良好的环境。     

论可持续发展战略与我国环境保护法律的融合

近年来,可持续发展战略已成为国际立法的重要指导思想和原则,也是我国的总体发展战略。然而,我国现行的环境保护法律已不能完全适应当前经济与社会发展、人与自然和谐相处的基本需要,应当尽快建立以可持续发展战略为中心和基本原则的环境保护法律体制,导入认识自然、重视自然、利用自然、人与自然和谐相处的现代思想,改变现行法律“经济优先”的立法倾向,增设“可持续发展”为基本原则的规定,建立和完善相应的环境保护法律制度。     

Agreements of Economic Integration and the Choice of National Environmental Policies

This paper analyzes the question whether and in which respect agreements of (regional) economic integration affect the choice of environmental policies by individual countries. We focus our interdisciplinary analysis on the agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). We find that these agreements primarily restrict a country's choice among possible instruments to achieve a certain environmental level or target, but do, in principle, not restrict its choice with regard to the environmental target or level itself. We also show that this type of restriction is likely to benefit the individual countries and the world as a whole because it tends to promote the implementation of more efficient environmental policy instruments. A brief analysis of the case of Switzerland illustrates this point.     

Distributional Conflicts and the Timing of Environmental Policy

This paper examines the timing of adopting a policy for tackling an environmental issue such as climate change from a viewpoint of distributional conflicts. A dynamic game of providing public goods (Alesina and Drazen, American Economic Review 81(5), 1170–1118 (1991)) is applied to the argument, modified by including abatement costs as well as the loss in the environment. In this framework, even if the immediate adoption of environmental policy is socially optimal, a disproportionate burden of pollution reduction leads to a delay in policy adoption. This is because the disproportionate burden increases the gain from waiting for each individual hoping that the other will agree to bear the heavier burden. The impact of income distribution on the timing is also examined. The level of averting behavior is assumed to depend on the level of income. If the distribution of income is more dispersed, the regional disparities in environmental degradation become larger because the poor tend to avert less and get more loss than the rich due to their tighter budget constraints. Under asymmetric information on damages, as the disparities in income become more dispersed, each individual expects that his/her opponent’s damage becomes severe; then, he/she gives in first. Thus, each individual holds out longer so that the timing of policy implementation is delayed further. Finally, the theoretical result is empirically tested by both probit and discriminant analyses to examine whether income distribution has an impact on the timing of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in practice.     

面向未来的政策规范论

本文认为环境和可持续发展、协商民主以及社群主义是三种面向未来规范政策的选择和分析的政策理念。环境和可持续发展的政策理念以权利论和效率论相区分;协商民主的政策理念注重商议过程和共识反思;社群主义的政策理念围绕自治和秩序提倡信念对话。     

贸易自由化与环境政策协调发展论——兼评WTO贸易导向的协调模式

贸易自由化对社会经济福利的发展以及环境保护的重要性决定了两者协调的必要性。两者在终极目标和利益主体上存在着可协调性,协调贸易自由化与环境政策必须坚持共同的义务与责任原则、差别的义务与责任原则、适度贸易自由化的原则和环境政策的整体经济性原则。WTO贸易与环境政策的协调发展过度关注环境问题,以及协调机制的内在缺陷,阻碍了贸易体制的发展和完善,无益于以贸易方式解决环境问题,必须改革完善协调机制,实现WTO贸易与环境政策协调发展模式中"贸易导向"的自觉。     

Clustering of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Potentials and Limitations

The concept of clustering of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), i.e. the integration of groups of MEAs or parts thereof, has acquired prominence in recent discussions about reforming international environmental governance. Understood as a continuing process, clustering of MEAs aims at advancing the ongoing process of integrating the elements of this system more systematically and dynamically. This paper proceeds in three steps. First, it demonstrates that a distinction needs to be made between clustering of organisational elements of MEAs and their functions, since the conditions and the effects of their integration differ significantly. Second, it argues that – in contrast to several existing approaches that seek to build clusters starting from similarities in one dimension – any attempt to integrate elements of MEAs needs to be based upon the analysis of a range of factors that influence the prospects of such integration (including overlap of membership and issues, practical feasibility, legal obstacles, and functional requirements). Third, the article contrasts the main potential benefits of a clustering of MEAs, namely efficiency gains and an increase in the coherence of international environmental governance, with the main challenges of international environmental policy, namely reaching agreement, implementing such agreement effectively and preventing/managing inter-institutional conflict. While clustering cannot be expected to make a significant direct contribution to addressing these challenges, it has a potential to economise and enhance the system of international environmental governance with positive indirect effects promoting better international environmental protection in the longer term.     

“环境贸易壁垒”及其法律对策研究

加入WTO后 ,面对各国以保护环境为名而采取的各种贸易限制措施即所谓的“环境贸易壁垒” ,我国政府应坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则 ,实行先进的环境制度 ,采取积极措施应对 ,有力抵制违反WTO规则的各种以环境保护为由的贸易保护行为     

Policy Coherence, Global Environmental Governance, and Poverty Reduction

This paper explores linkages between policy coherence, global environmental governance, and poverty reduction. It begins with a few thoughts on what these terms mean, and how they are linked. It then provides some perspectives on how the linkages might be improved over time. The paper takes the view that the most coherent institutional framework for both poverty reduction and environmental protection is likely to be one that is relatively decentralised, and based on a modular (networking) structure. The implication is that this framework should rely mainly on domestic and regional governance institutions, rather than on global ones. Effective management of environmental problems (both national and international) also implies a judicious mix of strong government institutions, smooth-functioning markets, and well-targeted infrastructure investments. The business and labour communities are therefore crucial. Other elements of civil society, notably the NGOs, also have important roles to play. Global environmental governance will have to overcome significant resistance insofar as the interests of the developing countries are concerned. Developing countries will need to be convinced that it is in their best interest to participate in global environmental institutions. The best way of making this case is to link (local) poverty reduction objectives explicitly to (both local and global) environmental protection goals. Bringing greater coherence to international trade, investment, and development co-operation policies could make an important contribution to strengthening these linkages. Investment is particularly important here – in the future, investment governance will likely prove to be more important for poverty reduction than environmental governance. Focusing on global environmental governance will not be enough.