The Dimensions of Lawyer-Client Relations: Notes Toward a Theory and a Field Study

Recent research on lawyer-client relations has called into question the traditional image of the lawyer as the autonomous professional. This research note reviews this research and proposes a three-dimensional framework for interpreting lawyer-client relationships. The utility of the framework is illustrated using data collected through interviews with corporate lawyers and their clients in Toronto.     

Linking Gender,Minority Group Status and Family Matters to Self‐Control Theory: A Multivariate Analysis of Key Self‐Control Concepts in a Youth‐Gang Context

The variable roles of family, gender, and race are underdeveloped in Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, also called self control and propensity‐event theory. Using cross‐sectional data generated as part of the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training program, we assessed the links between the self‐reported gang involvement of 5,935 eighth‐grade public school students residing in eleven widely dispersed cities and their levels of self‐control, gender, minority group status, and family context. We found that youths with low self‐control levels reported that they were more deeply involved in gangs than youths with high self‐control, as were youths who were not closely monitored by their parents. We also found differences by gender, minority group status, and family structure. This article explores the limitations and implications of these findings for gang research, theory, and juvenile justice practice.     

中西方传统犯罪控制思想之比较——从利益的角度探析中西方传统犯罪控制思想的差异

马克思曾经说过:“‘思想’一旦离开‘利益’,就一定会使自己出丑。”①从本质上讲,任何思想或理论都自觉或不自觉地站在一定的利益立场上,并为现实的利益目的服务。不同思想或理论之间的争论,实质上都是现实生活中利益冲突现象在思想或理论上的一种反映。②因此,古今中外众多思想家,不管他     

Toward a Refinement of Purpose in Comparative Criminological Research: Research Site Selection in Focus

This paper draws on a distinction between two purposes of comparative research: (1) testing the universality of a proposition (theory testing) and (2) specification of a proposition (theory construction). These two distinct activities have been inadvertently mixed in comparative criminology thereby causing a great deal of confusion. The present paper argues that attention by comparative researchers to this distinction between theory testing and theory construction will contribute to the resolution of one major methodological problem: that of research site selection. We suggest that in light of the distinction drawn, the testing of the universality of a proposition is most appropriately done in research comparing Western and non-Western nations (“dissimilar design”). But comparative research aimed at the specification of a proposition is best conducted by comparing Western nations (“similar design”).     

Regulating Complex Contracting: A Socio‐legal Study of Decision‐Making Under EU and UK law

The article evaluates interview data on decision‐making under public procurement law using Halliday's analytical model on compliance with administrative law. In this study, unlike other studies on administrative compliance, the decisions faced by public bodies are not routine; they relate to the award of complex, high‐value contracts. Two contrasting decisions in the procurement process are discussed: the decision over the choice of procedure at the outset of the process, and the decision over the extent to which the public body should negotiate with the winning bidder towards the end of the process. The article considers the rationales behind decisions, and finds that, although public bodies are generally predisposed to comply, legal uncertainty means the relevance of commercial pressures and challenge risk impact heavily on approaches to compliance, even shaping understanding of what compliant behaviour actually is.     

The Role of Trust in Nurturing Compliance: A Study of Accused Tax Avoiders

Why an institution's rules and regulations are obeyed or disobeyed is an important question for regulatory agencies. This paper discusses the findings of an empirical study that shows that the use of threat and legal coercion as a regulatory tool--in addition to being more expensive to implement--can sometimes be ineffective in gaining compliance. Using survey data collected from 2,292 taxpayers accused of tax avoidance, it will be demonstrated that variables such as trust need to be considered when managing noncompliance. If regulators are seen to be acting fairly, people will trust the motives of that authority, and will defer to their decisions voluntarily. This paper therefore argues that to shape desired behavior, regulators will need to move beyond motivation linked purely to deterrence. Strategies directed at reducing levels of distrust between the two sides may prove particularly effective in gaining voluntary compliance with an organization's rules and regulations.     

在社会分裂中求得政治稳定——李帕特协商联合民主理论评述

以思考如何在存在社会分裂的国家中保持政治稳定为目的,本文首先讨论了李帕特提出的区别于英美多数主义民主的协商联合民主理论,然后重点借助宪法实例分析该理论的特征与制度实践形式,并在全面比较荷兰、比利时和瑞士三国在实践协商联合民主不同成败结果的基础上,对在分裂社会中求得政治稳定的前提条件、宪法设计应当注意的事项进行了讨论.     

世界民法典编纂史上的三次论战——“法典化”与“非法典化”思想之根源与比较

论文从一个比较观察的视角,对发生在不同国度和时代的世界民法典编纂史上的三次论战进行了系统的历史回顾和理论阐述,探讨了由此引发的“法典化”与“非法典化”思想及其对立的根源,以及三次论战对于各国法律思想史和法制发展的走势所具有的深远意义和重大价值。在上述基础上,文章还围绕当代中国民法典编纂所提出的各种观点和论说进行了某种程度的学术思考。     

《浊江》和《倾城之恋》中戏剧要素的对照分析——借用视点结构相关理论

《浊江》和《倾城之恋》对于戏剧要素的运用,使得其文本呈现出混合小说与戏剧两种不同文学形式的跨界性。在两部作品中,人物对话中出现的戏剧要素主要体现为视点结构的运用。小说通过弱化叙述者的声音,使文本意义的多重建构成为可能,打破了权威性和绝对性的价值判断。这既是基于作家个人对于戏剧的观察和体悟,又体现出非主体叙述这一女性写作的特征和动荡时期话语权分散的历史必然性。对作为明治的民间说书人的樋口一叶,与自称为自食其力的小市民的张爱玲之作品的对照分析,可以为不同国籍作者的作品中体现出相似的集体意识这一文学现象,提供具体而微的观察渠道,深化对小说之社会心理史意义的认知。     

The Belief in a Just World and Personality: A Meta-analysis

Several meta-analyses using twelve studies were conducted, combining different forms of the belief in a just world (BJW) and the five-factor model in order to determine possible relationships between personality factors and individual differences regarding justice. As expected, the general (n = 2579) and personal (n = 1346) forms of BJW were negatively associated with neuroticism, and positively associated with extraversion and agreeableness. Summary effect sizes for neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were r = ?0.08, r = 0.10, and r = 0.09 concerning the general BJW, and r = ?0.25, r = 0.18, and r = 0.10 concerning the personal BJW, respectively. Although no causality could be determined, possible interpretations of the relationships include BJW as a personal resource that increases emotional stability, BJW and extraversion’s reciprocity in the developmental process, and trust as an origin of both agreeableness and just world beliefs. In addition, the associations were significantly stronger when the personal BJW was used, as opposed to the general form, but only regarding neuroticism and extraversion. Attitudes concerning others and their well-being may explain the differential gap of associations when using BJW for the self or for others.     

新型荧光502粉末与502胶+荧光染色显现潜在手印的比较

目的 对新型荧光502粉末显现非渗透性光滑客体表面潜手印的一步荧光502显现新技术和传统502胶水熏显+荧光染料染色显现手印技术进行比较研究.方法 比较实验研究,对荧光502粉末和502胶水使用同一自动熏显柜先后进行熏显,荧光502粉末熏显结束后直接在蓝光灯下激发进行观察和拍照;502胶水在熏显完成和聚合物完全固化后使用罗丹明6G和BBD溶液进行荧光染色,再进行光致荧光照相.结果 一步熏显和二次染色的显现效果基本相同,但两者的显现效果也因检材性质和遗留时间的不同而存在一些差别.结论 新型荧光502粉末可以作为一种显现非渗透性光滑客体表面上潜手印的常用方法,尽管新方法对某些客体的显现效果并不好,但对大多数客体来说,其显现效果并不弱于二次染色的方法,并且使用新型荧光502粉末进行一步熏显不会引入有机溶剂,不会引起502聚合物的溶解或造成破坏,确保了纹线及其细节特征不被损坏,也避免了染色后因漂洗不当使手印纹线被冲掉的可能,还不会破坏脱落细胞等生物检材.     

新型荧光502粉末与502胶＋荧光染色显现潜在手印的比较

目的对新型荧光502粉末显现非渗透性光滑客体表面潜手印的一步荧光502显现新技术和传统502胶水熏显＋荧光染料染色显现手印技术进行比较研究。方法比较实验研究,对荧光502粉末和502胶水使用同一自动熏显柜先后进行熏显,荧光502粉末熏显结束后直接在蓝光灯下激发进行观察和拍照;502胶水在熏显完成和聚合物完全固化后使用罗丹明6G和BBD溶液进行荧光染色,再进行光致荧光照相。结果一步熏显和二次染色的显现效果基本相同,但两者的显现效果也因检材性质和遗留时间的不同而存在一些差别。结论新型荧光502粉末可以作为一种显现非渗透性光滑客体表面上潜手印的常用方法,尽管新方法对某些客体的显现效果并不好,但对大多数客体来说,其显现效果并不弱于二次染色的方法,并且使用新型荧光502粉末进行一步熏显不会引入有机溶剂,不会引起502聚合物的溶解或造成破坏,确保了纹线及其细节特征不被损坏,也避免了染色后因漂洗不当使手印纹线被冲掉的可能,还不会破坏脱落细胞等生物检材。     

Medicolegal Aspects of Post‐traumatic Gastroduodenal Ulcers: A Retrospective Study*

Abstract: Retrospective examination of 5‐year autopsy material showed the presence of posttraumatic gastroduodenal ulcers (PGDU) in 17.7% of decedents deemed to be at risk. They were more common in males (77%) and in patients aged over 50. In the majority of cases (76%) the survival period was <12 days; in 16.5% it was < 48 h. PGDU developed most commonly in victims of polytrauma and isolated craniocerebral injury, with ISS values ≥16; patients with spinal cord injuries were at greatest risk. Most frequently affected was the stomach, exhibiting numerous, usually superficial lesions, while solitary acute and exacerbated chronic peptic ulcers were more common in the duodenum. Complications of PGDU developed in 40% of cases, mostly in the form of hemorrhage; in 20% of cases PGDU have contributed to death. Medicolegal aspects of PGDU are, most frequently, concerned with the causal relationship between trauma, PGDU, and fatal outcome, as well as the potential for allegations of medical negligence.