论卢旺达国际刑事法庭对国际刑法发展的贡献

卢旺达国际刑事法庭在1994年的建立和12年的审判实践经验为国际刑事法的发展作出了一定贡献.主要表现在:卢旺达国际刑事法庭是历史上首次建立专门审理非国际性武装冲突的国际刑事法庭;丰富了国际人道主义法的内容;扩大了对在非国际性武装冲突中犯罪的管辖权,进一步积累了国际刑事法院的审判经验,对国际刑法中的三大罪行的界定作出了新的阐释;推动了非洲国际法学的发展并在一定程度上促进了常设性国际刑事法院的建立.     

The Ethics of Plea Bargaining in International Criminal Trials

The paper argues that contemporary theoretical and philosophical concerns relating to the practice of plea bargaining in international trials for crimes such as genocide should be seen in the broader context of the perceived legitimacy of international trial justice. The paper questions the capacity of international trial structures to deliver a form of truth which contributes to justice suggesting that the legitimacy of the truth available is conditioned by ideology and normative practice. The paper suggests that the key to transforming international trial justice lies in promoting the link between trial ideology and the perceived moral legitimacy of its outcomes through the exercise of judicial discretionary power. Ralph Henham is Professor of Criminal Justice, Nottingham Law School, Nottingham Trent University.     

Evaluating the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa

Provides a review of Gibson’s (2004) evaluation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of South Africa. Offers a background to the TRC process then reckons with Gibson’s study in terms of his procedures, the context, the issue of “race”, the truth claims of the TRC, a digression on amnesty, and finally the link between truth and reconciliation. Concludes that this study offers substantial support for the TRC process. A review of James L. Gibson (2004) Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 467.     

伊拉克战争涉及的国际法和国际刑法问题

战争行为是人类历史上最为残暴的行为之一,在国际犯罪种类中也属于最为严重的罪行之一。近代第一次和第二次世界大战的爆发,不仅没有达到战争发动者所欲追求的结果,反而进一步暴露了战争的残酷性,也发展了涉及战争行为的国际法律文件。1949年的四个《日内瓦公约》及两个《附加议定书》确立了战争行为采用的规章和规则,并进一步确认了战争罪行违反国际人道主义法和习惯国际法的基本模式。因此战争,尤其是国际性的伊拉克战争不可避免地涉及国际法和国际刑法的问题。     

Reconciliation in Times of Impunity: Challenges for Social Justice

In human history there is no lack of malice, revenge, or savagery. The twentieth century has seen 33 million military deaths. Victimization deaths are estimated at six times that number, at 205 million people. The past decade has seen people enslaved, tortured, raped, and persecuted as members of political, racial, ethnic, or religious groups in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Yet we have not seen meaningful prosecution of crimes that have occurred on a massive scale. Former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights José Ayala Lasso has stated that a person stands a better chance of being tried and judged for killing one human being than for killing 100,000. This paper examines reconciliation in the aftermath of protracted, deadly, wide scale conflict characterized by impunity when crimes against individuals, groups, and humanity go unpunished. It describes the relevance of moral exclusion theory to conflicts in which dehumanization and violence are normalized, and it argues that impunity is an urgent matter for psychology and social justice research.     

试论普遍义务及其对国际刑法的影响

“普遍义务”是指国家对整个国际社会所负有的义务,是近代国际法中最为重要的概念之一。自该概念于上世纪70年代首次出现在国际法院的判决书中以来,它一直对国际法,特别是国际刑法的发展具有潜移默化的影响。研究普遍义务的含义、内容及其法律后果,并就该概念对国际刑法的影响加以分析,将为全面、深刻地理解国际刑法的内涵与发展具有积极意义。     

Private Military Contractors,Crime, and the Terrain of Unaccountability

Criminological research has traditionally attempted to explain the etiological factors of crime and then suggest appropriate controls. More often than not, the foci of this kind of work have remained on “street crime.” Since the 1990s, however, some scholars have turned their attention to the causal factors of corporate crime, state crime, crimes of globalization, supranational crimes, and their various permutations and interconnections. Clearly missing from this literature is the growing phenomenon of private military contractors (PMCs) and the crimogenic culture of and atmosphere within which they operate. Specifically, while the use of PMCs is rapidly growing, the increasing propensity for PMC's crimogenic culture and the unregulated nature of what has become a global industry is rarely studied by social scientists. Further, few criminologists have examined this area of research by applying criminological theory to explain the growth and emergence of PMCs. Our goal is to help fill this gap. Through the process of theory building and refinement we identify factors that facilitate the criminogenic environment within which PMCs operate. Additionally, without attempting to expand explanatory and causal mechanisms, policies aimed at reducing PMC criminality and social justice for their victims cannot be developed. As such, we draw from theoretical developments in state and state‐corporate crime, social disorganization, and anomie literature to shed light on key factors associated with PMCs, namely, the crimogenic atmosphere within which they operate.     

刑事和解:误读与澄清——以与恢复性司法比较为视角

在西方,刑事和解是恢复性司法的起源与模式之一。在我国,刑事和解起源于轻伤害案件处理方式的改革,是民事赔偿责任的和解,更强调当事人双方矛盾的化解,而非社会关系的全面恢复,属于原发性的而非继发性的、整体性的而非平行性的司法举措。     

国际犯罪的类型研究:回顾、反思与探寻

在理论研究的层面,国际犯罪的范围包括战争罪、侵略罪、危害人类罪等31种犯罪。在对这些国际犯罪进行类分时,根本立足点是国际犯罪,即以国际犯罪的自身特性为视角。由于国际犯罪是一定的主体所实施的严重危害国际社会共同利益,依据国际刑法应当承担刑事责任的行为,因此,在划分国际犯罪的基本类型时,可以采取如下几项标准:一是国际刑法的"两重性";二是国际犯罪的主体;三是国际犯罪的行为特征;四是国际犯罪侵害的法益。     

战争法发展进程中的自然法思想探究

纵观战争法发展的历程,尽管导致近代战争法形成的原因很多,但如果从思想渊源上考察则可以发现,自然法居于极为重要的地位。如果说战争法作为社会文明中的成果,是人类对自己生存方式的一种理性选择,那么自然法是其重要的精神动力和法理基础;自然法复兴催生了惩治战争犯罪理论;新自然法学促进了国际人道法体系的完善。     

刑法立法模式的刑事政策考察

刑法立法模式是指国家立法机关在进行刑法立法时所采用的标准样式。纵观现代世界各国的立法现状,刑法立法模式主要有单一法典型立法模式、特别刑法立法模式、判例型刑法立法模式和修正型刑法立法模式。每种刑法立法模式都有其各自的刑事政策功能。从中国刑法立法的现状看,主要存在以下问题:(1)没有形成固定、成熟的刑法立法模式;(2)刑法立法模式单一、呆板,缺乏活力;(3)刑法修正案模式不能适应刑法立法的全部需要;(4)附属刑法立法模式没有发挥应有的作用。为了适应国家打击和控制犯罪的需要,我国的刑法立法模式应当做如下调整:(1)建立刑法典、特别刑法和刑法修正案相结合的刑法立法模式;(2)根据刑事政策的需要选择不同的刑法立法模式;(3)调整附属刑法立法模式的结构。     

试论刑事政策与国际刑法的关系

刑事政策是对犯罪有组织的反应,国际刑法以研讨国际犯罪为己任,对国际犯罪的研究需要以刑事政策为视角。本文通过分析刑事政策的含义及其国际化特征与国际刑法的发展方向,在刑事政策的视野下,揭示国际刑法的发展趋势——刑事政策的国际刑法化与国际刑法的刑事政策化,进而把握刑事政策与国际刑法两者的契合性。     

古罗马刑法的特征及犯罪分类

古罗马帝国给后世遗留下诸多遗产,完备的罗马法是其中最重要的一项内容。古罗马法中虽然以古罗马民法的精密完备为著称,但古罗马刑法的成就也为世人所瞩目,在西方法律中占有极其重要的地位。古罗马刑法中对犯罪分类之详尽更令后人叹为观止,亦对后世给予了巨大的影响。     

We [Should] Take Care of Our Own: The Role of Law and Lawyers in Criminal Justice and Criminology Programs

Law-related courses, and more broadly the place of the law and lawyers in criminal justice programs, are the focus of this paper. I believe that the importance of the law, the study of legal issues, and the way in which the law is taught in criminal justice programs is in need of significant refinement. We need more law-related courses in the curriculum, at both the undergraduate and graduate level, more PhDs with an understanding of the law, and more legal research done by criminal justice scholars. In the pages that follow, I make the case for changing how we approach the study of law in criminal justice undergraduate and graduate programs.     

刑事证据法的制度转型与研究转向——以非法证据排除规则为线索的分析

20世纪初美国法学界曾针对"非法证据排除规则"发生过激烈论争,证据学家威格莫尔与法律改革家豪尔乃是论争中对立的双方,其论争的历史贡献在于引出了近现代西方证据法(学)发展的两大论题:"证据法应以证明性为中心还是以可采性为中心"与"如何处理证据规则的实现和诉讼程序的构建之间的关系"。确立与构筑非法证据排除规则是我国《刑事诉讼法》再修改的重要环节,当前我国刑事证据法学界的诸多争论与威格莫尔和豪尔当年的论战存在诸多"历史相似性",故有必要进行关联审视。由于我国证据立法以证明性而非可采性为中心,证据规则的实践运行环境不容乐观,理论研究也因为一直受到证据学进路的统摄而不能获得独立。为摆脱困境,我国刑事证据法学界应当以学科建制的探讨为契机,实现中国证据法的制度转型,即构建以可采性规则为中心的证据规则体系,旨在防止误判与价值权衡。同时实现证据法学的研究转向,即实现中国的证据学之法学转型、人权法转型及相对于实体法的独立性转型。     

浅论刑事和解与刑法基本问题之关系

我国司法机关在对"刑事和解"进行摸索并取得不少成功经验过程中,既得到了一定程度的认可,同时也遭受着诸多质疑。我们认为刑事和解符合刑法的三大基本原则和刑罚的目的、功能,与我国"宽严相济"和"严打"等主要刑事政策也不相冲突,应作为一种新制度和新理念加以确立。     

Repositioning the corporate criminal: comparing and contrasting corporate criminal liability in Canada and Finland

ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, a number of states in the Global North have introduced laws aimed at holding corporations criminally liable. While there is an important literature examining these legal regimes there is a paucity of comparative work interrogating the different political struggles and processes leading to corporate criminal liability (CCL) legislation. This paper addresses this lacuna by comparing and contrasting the development of CCL in Canada and Finland. By scrutinizing the law reform processes in each jurisdiction, the paper documents how CCL emerged under different conjunctures in each country, yet were shaped similarly by hegemonic beliefs in the non-criminal status of corporation, the importance of advancing private enterprise and established jurisprudence. Of particular note are the ways in which dominant notions of legal individualism and the universal legal subject constrained legislative efforts to hold corporations criminally to account therein preventing corporate misconduct from being processed as “real” crimes.     

中国刑法现代化践行的法文化障碍及克服——以市民社会为视角的考察

目前我国社会正处于现代化的发展阶段,长期存在的国家与社会高度统一的僵化模式正在趋于解体,政治国家与市民社会的二元社会结构正在逐步确立。在此社会变革之中,立足于市民社会基础之上的刑法现代化运动受到普遍的关注。中国传统文化与现代文化在文化类型上的相异性使得中国现今刑法 (罚)文化自身蕴涵着“非现代性”因素,给刑法现代化践行带来了精神品性与制度建构上的双重障碍,在目前表现为一系列与市民社会理论与实践相背离的文化特质。这些文化特质从整体社会结构上阻碍了我国社会的顺利转型与市民社会的整体成熟。我国刑法理论要摆脱传统文化的窠臼就必须在价值取向上进行转换,而该转换是立足于我国市民社会基础之上的运动。