脑外伤者事件相关电位与神经心理学研究进展

随着信息技术的发展,作为神经电生理学研究前沿之一的事件相关电位,由于为探索人的高级认知功能提供了一个可行而又客观的方法,正日益受到国内外学者的极大关注。神经心理学近年来出现的新的测评工具也使得其本身有了进一步的发展。本文分别对事件相关电位及神经心理学测量的基本内容作出综述,着重介绍两者近年来在颅脑外伤患者认知功能评估中的应用发展,并提出今后相关问题的研究方向。     

视觉刺激事件相关电位及其研究进展

事件相关电位(ERP)是人对客体进行认知加工(注意、记忆、思维等)时,在头颅表面所记录到的大脑电位变化。ERP由多种与认知功能相关的成分构成,包括早期成分,失匹配负波(MMN),N2家族,P3家族,语言加工相关的ERP成分等。通过对ERP这些成分的分析,可以深入探究人类大脑的认知功能,并且具有重要的法医学应用价值。     

事件相关电位的研究进展及其法医学应用价值

事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)是从神经电生理层面客观分析和研究人体心理活动的最有效方法之一。目前主要用于测谎等研究,在临床上,还用于脑血管疾病、痴呆、创伤性脑损伤患者认知能力评估以及精神心理疾病的辅助诊断。随着ERP检测技术的进一步发展,在法医学领域必将具有更为广泛的应用前景。     

嗅觉事件相关电位研究进展及法医学应用展望

嗅觉是人的基本感觉之一,在食欲、警示危险、调节情绪等方面发挥着重要作用。越来越多的研究表明,嗅觉功能障碍可能影响人类生存质量,因而嗅觉功能障碍受关注程度日益增高。嗅觉功能有主观、客观多种检测方法,其中嗅觉事件相关电位(olfactory event-related potential,OERP)是一种较为客观的嗅觉检测方法。本文就OERP的发展历史、测试分析方法、临床研究等方面进行综述,并对OERP在法医临床学的应用前景进行述评。     

测谎的发展历程及法医学应用前景

测谎技术越来越多地运用于协助侦查破案,成为打击和预防犯罪的重要手段之一。本文简述了它在古代的最初尝试以及近代心理-生理参数指标在测谎技术中的应用。尤其是现代多道生理记录仪的出现,使心理-生理参数指标更趋完善。随着人们对认知领域的深入探索,事件相关电位、脑功能核磁成像技术和事件相关-脑功能核磁成像技术在测谎领域的应用,使现代测谎技术的重心转移到对大脑活动的侦测方面,检测结果更为客观,更接近说谎的源头。本文介绍了从简单到复杂不同的测谎形式和各自的原理及目前发展最新动态,并分析了它在法医学应用的前景。     

事件相关电位的测谎与反测谎研究进展

基于成熟的脑科学研究的事件相关电位(ERPs)发展而来的认知脑电测谎技术是利用认知神经科学的原理开发的新兴测谎技术。近年来,认知脑电测谎技术越来越得到法庭科学界的认可。其主要基于CIT测谎原理,采用以CTP为基础的诸多方式,在脑电测谎比对指标的选取等方面均有诸多研究。本文针对ERP测谎基础原理、范式与方法、提高测谎的准确性与抗干扰性等方面的研究进展进行综述,希望能对ERP测谎技术的进一步研究和应用所借鉴。     

事件相关电位的测谎与反测谎研究进展

基于成熟的脑科学研究的事件相关电位（ERPs）发展而来的认知脑电测谎技术是利用认知神经科学的原理开发的新兴测谎技术。近年来，认知脑电测谎技术越来越得到法庭科学界的认可。其主要基于CIT测谎原理，采用以CTP为基础的诸多方式，在脑电测谎比对指标的选取等方面均有诸多研究。本文针对ERP测谎基础原理、范式与万法、提高测谎的准确性与抗干扰性等方面的研究进展进行综述，希望能对ERP测谎技术的进…步研究和应州所借鉴、     

人格的事件相关电位研究

事件相关电位技术具有毫秒级的高分辨率,运用它能够对大脑内稍纵即逝的心理加工过程进行分程分析,在探索人格形成机制上具有重要意义。用事件相关电位指标来评价人格,也较人格量表更为客观。文章重点介绍了有关Brebner-Cooper、Gray、C loninger、“大五”四种人格理论的事件相关电位研究,并对该领域的研究现状进行了评论。     

轻微认知损害的ERP研究进展

颅脑外伤引起的轻微认知损害是司法鉴定中的重点和难点问题。本文通过对事件相关电位的各模式(经典Oddball模式、Eriksen flanker反应时模式等)中的成分进行分析比较,以期对法医临床学中有关颅脑损伤案件的司法鉴定提供较为客观的技术方法与手段。     

P300用于31例刑事在押人员的检测准确性研究

目的验证事件相关电位测谎方法对刑事在押人员进行检测时的准确性,从而推动该项测谎技术从实验室走向实践。方法以31例涉案的犯罪嫌疑人为研究对象,以P300为评价指标进行事件相关电位测谎。结果事件相关电位测谎方法的准确判别率为96.8%,而测谎结论的准确率为80.6%。结论事件相关电位测谎结果没有假阳性,有利于认定犯罪事实,可以用于刑事案件测谎当中。     

The ParaDNA® Screening System — A case study in bringing forensic R&D to market

The creation of new technologies and their application to forensic science is key to the field's development. Rapid DNA profiling is one such area of research which has grown in response to a desire from enforcement authorities for in-house forensic DNA processing and rapid access to forensic genetic intelligence. However, introducing novel technologies into the forensics market must be carefully monitored and controlled as the success or failure of any technology ultimately has long standing implications for victims, suspects, and also to Police and forensic practitioners. This article outlines the research, development, validation and implementation of the ParaDNA® Screening System as a case study in taking forensic research and development to market.     

Tasks of research in forensic medicine - different study types in clinical research and forensic medicine

In the last years the research output of forensic medicine has sometimes been regarded as insufficient and as of poor quality, especially when parameters as impact factors and external funding were taken into account. However, forensic medicine has different tasks compared to clinical medicine. The main difference between basic subjects, clinical and forensic medicine is not a lack of scientific efficiency in forensic medicine but is a result of the questions asked, the available methods and specific aims. In contrast to natural-scientific research, forensic science has furthermore important intersections with arts and socio-scientific disciplines. Etiologic and pathogenetic research is of only limited relevance in forensic medicine. Thus, forensic medicine is excluded from these research fields, which are mainly supported by external funding. In forensic medicine research mainly means applied research regarding findings, the probative value and reconstruction as well as examination at different points of intersection between medicine and law. Clinical types of research such as controlled randomised, prospective cross-sectional, cohort or case-control studies can only rarely be applied in forensic medicine due to the area specific research fields (e.g. thantatology, violent death, vitality, traffic medicine, analytical toxicology, hemogenetics and stain analysis). The types of studies which are successfully established in forensic medicine are comparison of methods, sensitivity studies, validation of methods, kinetic examinations etc. Tasks of research in forensic medicine and study types, which may be applied will be addressed.     

Current state and progress of research on forensic biomechanics in China

Forensic biomechanics gradually has become a significant component of forensic science. Forensic biomechanics is evidence-based science that applies biomechanical principles and methods to forensic practice, which has constituted one of the most potential research areas. In this review, we introduce how finite element techniques can be used to simulate forensic cases, how injury criteria and injury scales can be used to describe injury severity, and how tests of postmortem human subjects and dummy can be used to provide essential validation data. This review also describes research progress and new applications of forensic biomechanics in China.

Key points

• The review shows the main research progress and new applications of forensic biomechanics in China.
• The review introduces eight cases about the application of forensic biomechanics, including the multiple rigid body reconstruction, the finite element applications, study of mechanical properties, traffic crash reconstruction based on multiple techniques and analysis of morphomechanical mechanism about blood dispersal.
• Though forensic biomechanics has a great advantage for the evaluation of injury mechanisms, it still has some uncertainties owing to the uniqueness of the human anatomy, the complexity of biological materials, and the uncertainty of injury-causing circumstances.

     

Medical school forensic psychiatry units in health care delivery facilities rather than criminal justice institutions: an alternative model

We have presented a model for developing forensic psychiatric treatment and teaching services of a medical school Department of Psychiatry, but where these services are the basic comprehensive health care delivery system for the entire community. These offer consultative and treatment services for adult and family court clinic, psychiatric forensic services, of forensic psychiatry open bed and medium security-type bed, as well as day hospital and outpatient services. All of these are sited in the normal health care delivery system of the university teaching hospitals and its patient treatment, teaching, and research facilities. Consultative services are offered on request to the criminal justice system, but the basic health care delivery system is controlled administratively by the ordinary university teaching hospital authorities and exists as a one of a kind unit at the Royal Ottawa Hospital. The Royal Ottawa Hospital is a private nonprofit hospital, with its own Board of Trustees, and is affiliated with the medical school, as part of a major university network. We believe it important to present this model for an overall forensic psychiatric service, in contradistinction to the more commonly established forensic psychiatric facilities in state mental hospitals, in a special facility for the criminally insane, or in a criminal justice system institution such as a penitentiary. We believe that our model for forensic psychiatric facilities has great advantages for the patient. Here the patient is treated in a specialized facility (as all psychiatric patients with specialized problems should be); but one which is a specialized forensic facility, within the range of specialized psychiatric facilities that are needed by an urban community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Forensic Gait Analysis and Recognition: Standards of Evidence Admissibility

Gait is one biological characteristic which has attracted strong research interest due to its potential use in human identification. Although almost two decades have passed since a forensic gait expert has testified to the identity of a perpetrator in court, the methods remain insufficiently robust, considering the recent paradigm shift witnessed in the forensic science community regarding quality of evidence. In contrast, technological advancements have taken the lead, and research into automated gait recognition has greatly surpassed forensic gait analysis in terms of the size of acquired datasets and demographic variability of participants, tested variables, and statistical evaluation of results. Despite these advantages, gait recognition presents with different problems which are yet to be resolved. Therefore, courts should treat gait evidence with caution, as they should any other form of evidence originating from disciplines without fully established codes of practice, error rates, and demonstrable applications in forensic scenarios.     

Forensic medical specificity of death in atypical sexual behavior: asphyxiophilia, autoerotism

The diagnosis of death of autoerotic asphyxia has not been virtually stated by Russian forensic medical expert. All such cases were interpreted as mechanical asphyxia entailing suicide, and "accidental" or "fatal" death. The authors observed, during the recent 5 years, 10 lethal cases in different-type autoerotic practice. Strangulation asphyxia was the death cause in 7 cases. Compression asphyxia, inhaling of glue vapor and electric shock caused death, each in one case. Death of asphyxia seizes to be exceptional; it is rather a regular phenomenon in the present-day life, which needs a proper research from 2 standpoints--etiopathogenesis, and forensic medical diagnosis.     

Taxonomy of Challenges for Digital Forensics

Since its inception, over a decade ago, the field of digital forensics has faced numerous challenges. Despite different researchers and digital forensic practitioners having studied and analysed various known digital forensic challenges, as of 2013, there still exists a need for a formal classification of these challenges. This article therefore reviews existing research literature and highlights the various challenges that digital forensics has faced for the last 10 years. In conducting this research study, however, it was difficult for the authors to review all the existing research literature in the digital forensic domain; hence, sampling and randomization techniques were employed to facilitate the review of the gathered literature. Taxonomy of the various challenges is subsequently proposed in this paper based on our review of the literature. The taxonomy classifies the large number of digital forensic challenges into four well‐defined and easily understood categories. The proposed taxonomy can be useful, for example, in future developments of automated digital forensic tools by explicitly describing processes and procedures that focus on addressing specific challenges identified in this paper. However, it should also be noted that the purpose of this paper was not to propose any solutions to the individual challenges that digital forensics face, but to serve as a survey of the state of the art of the research area.     

伪装识别技术的研究进展

测谎仪作为传统的测谎手段,试图通过人体外周局部植物神经反应的变化进行测谎,有一定的局限性。测谎仪的可靠性在很大程度上还决定于与仪器无关的因素,因此受到了最多的关注和质疑。事件相关电位(ERPs)尽管具有很高的测谎特异性和时间分辨率,可监测大脑的即时认知过程和电活动,但其空间分辨率差。大脑功能核磁共振成像(fMRI)可直接观察大脑的功能变化,具有良好的空间分辨率,但这项技术时间分辨率差,只能记录说谎后大脑变化的最终结果,目前该技术仍然处于基础研究阶段。在涉及伪装精神病和伪装认知损害相关诈病的司法心理学实际运用中,心理测试技术得到了更多的应用和研究。     

电子邮件真实性鉴定方法探索

2012年3月14日通过的《刑事诉讼法》中将“电子数据”确立为一种证据种类。由于电子数据容易复制和修改,通常需要对其进行真实性鉴定后才能作为证据采信。我国电子数据司法鉴定相关技术的研究起步较晚,体系建设不完全。通过选取电子数据真实性鉴定中最常见的电子邮件,结合实际案例中积累的实践经验,对电子邮件真实性鉴定方法进行一系列的探索和归纳．旨在促进行业内技术交流,推进研究成果向实际应用的转化。