日军遗华化学武器诉讼案及其前景析——兼论日本的战后责任问题

近年来,日军遗华化学武器致人伤亡事件不断发生,从1996年起中国受害者就开始在日本法院提起民间索赔诉讼,但迄今无一最终胜诉.民间赔偿不同于战争赔偿,中国受害者的民间索赔诉讼属日本未尽的战后责任问题,这不仅涉及受害者利益,而且关乎中日关系.2006年4月3日中国民间对日索赔联合会在北京成立,开启了中国民间对日索赔的国内诉讼程序.另一方面,中国政府也应从各方面给受害者的索赔诉讼提供支持,包括尝试国际求偿.但这一问题的解决最终还有赖于日本正确看待其侵略历史,彻底履行战争责任.     

PTSD symptom reporting and persistent malingering in recipients of state compensation for violent crime victimization: an exploratory study

Previous research suggests that victims of violent crime who have applied for state compensation may persist in malingering after conclusion of the application process. To further explore this topic, the current study investigated differences in PTSD symptomatology between violent crime victims who had received compensation from the Dutch state and those who had been denied such compensation. Potential participants were approached through the Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund. Eventually, 125 victims agreed to participate and filled out a set of paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that recipients of compensation had reported higher symptom levels, than non-recipients but only when they could be qualified as probable malingerers. If compensation recipients could not be qualified as probable malingerers, they had reported lower symptom levels than non-recipients. This suggests that some victims will emotionally benefit from compensation, while others will unconsciously accept it as a validation of initially malingered symptoms. Results were discussed in terms of directions for future research and study limitations.     

Victims of Terrorism Policies: Should Victims of Terrorism be Treated Differently?

Producing large-scale victimization is one of the prime goals of terrorists worldwide. A regular characteristic not only of the unparalleled attacks of 9/11, with its more than 3,000 direct fatalities, is to provoke maximum public attention by producing as many casualties as possible. Victims fall prone to such events due to a terrorist preference for soft and symbolic targets. Not surprisingly, victims of terrorism receive particular attention when counter-terrorism policies are formulated. In practise, however, compensation and support for those directly or indirectly affected by terrorist acts is often rather poor. This article aims to analyse (i) the situation of victims of terrorism in a theoretical victimological framework, and (ii) legislation in favour of victims of terrorism from a comparative perspective. Significant differences can be found not only within Europe where victim policies are basically EU and CoE guided but likewise in comparison with the policies in the US and Israel, which have both implemented particular legislation for victims of terrorism decades ago. This article argues for the adoption of a principled approach to compensation based on social solidarity instead of tort law rules. Further attention is drawn to a particularly unprivileged group: those individuals who become victims of terrorist threats abroad and who, as a consequence of the territorial limitations applicable to compensation rules, have no access to victim compensation schemes in their home countries.     

我国刑事被害人社会补偿制度之构建

以犯罪人为中心的刑事政策使被害人权利遭到严重忽视,尤其在经济上难以获得充分赔偿,易于导致被害人的"二次伤害".建立刑事被害人社会补偿制度,将刑事被害人的权利保护纳入社会保障法体系范畴已被世界多国选择.我国应引入社会补偿制度,重新审视国家与社会、救助与补偿之间内涵与区别,明晰刑事被害人社会补偿制度的性质,构建补偿对象清晰...     

A General Clause of Punitive Damages Should Be Established in China's Future Civil Code

Punitive damages have several functions that are worthy of serious research. For instance, punitive damages could help to compensate victims for moral damages suffered and offer more sufficient ex-ante compensation in cases of wrongful death or bodily injury, thus compensating for the losses suffered by victims more completely; they could punish private wrongs more effectively and provide a means of personal revenge within the law, incidentally deterring and preventing future wrongs; they could be used to correct abuses of power or status by the rich, large corporations, or the government; and they could be used to complement criminal law, etc. In order to fully realize the advantages of this institution in the Chinese society, we should expand its application in China’s tort law and carefully design the scope of its application, including the subjects to which it would be applicable and the amounts that would be allowable. In the short term, the application of punitive damages could be expanded through specific individual legislation, increase of the amounts of compensation for mental damages in individual cases or local legislation. In the long term, a general clause on punitive damages should be established in tort law in China’s future Civil Code, stipulating that “punitive damages can be applied to those who have performed tortious acts that deserve severe moral condemnation, due to the actor’s malicious intent or indifference or disregard for others’ rights.”     

Financial Compensation for Victims of Catastrophes: A Law and Economics Perspective

This article examines the various approaches legislators may use to compensate victims of catastrophes. Traditional law and economics of insurance literature, with respect to government relief and insurance solutions towards financial compensation, is used to analyze (highly diverging) approaches in Europe and the United States. First, the importance of liability (insurance) is discussed in cases where a liable injurer can be identified; second, the possibilities of first-party insurance are examined, whereby various regulatory solutions (particularly the French model of providing mandatory coverage for catastrophes) is critically discussed. The (first-party) insurance solution is compared with public intervention, and a distinction is made between ad hoc government relief on an ex-post basis and structural compensation funds. The solutions applied and discussed in many countries are critically analyzed for their ability to provide adequate compensation at low costs and their effects on incentives for prevention and for developing private (insurance) solutions.     

论我国应建立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度

犯罪被害人国家补偿制度是指遭受犯罪侵害的被害人或其近亲属在一定条件下可获得国家提供的经济补偿的法律制度。这一制度在西方国家运行40年来已取得良好的社会效果,为我国提供了可借鉴的有益经验。我国目前的被害人保护立法有严重缺陷,缺乏对犯罪被害人的人文关怀,由此还引发诸多社会问题。在我国建立这一制度是实现正义、保障人权、控制犯罪、完善法制的必要,也是切实可行之策。     

刑事被害人国家补偿制度构想

刑事被害人的权利救济是现代人权保护的一个重要问题。当被害人遭受犯罪行为侵害而又难以得到充分赔偿时，为保护被害人权利，彰显社会公平，应当由国家给予一定的物质补偿。目前，一些国家已先后建立了刑事被害人国家补偿制度而我国目前还没有建立。因此笔者建议，在建设社会主义和谐社会的进程中，我们也应立足中国国情，借鉴国外经验，早日建立符合中国国情的刑事被害人国家补偿制度。     

恢复性司法视野下赔偿与量刑关系的重构

"赔偿从轻"是普遍的司法实践,但其因仅仅关注经济赔偿、脱离刑事和解的大框架而被诟病为"花钱买刑"。以恢复性司法为视角,赔偿与量刑的关系需要重构。赔偿从轻原则应当尽量创造犯罪人与被害人面对面接触的机会、应当以犯罪人充分认识到自己行为的后果为前提、应当以修复犯罪人、被害人与社区之间破损的关系为内涵,司法机关同时应关注对被害人心理健康的修复。     

房屋拆迁补偿与公民财产权的宪法保护

房屋拆迁是对公民重大财产的剥夺,不仅涉及到公民财产所有权等民事权利的保护,更涉及到公民私有财产的宪法保护。我国宪法对公民财产权保护的制度性的不足,是导致房屋拆迁实践中种种问题的渊薮。尤其是此次修宪对“公共利益”的定义,和对征收、征用私有财产的补偿原则的缺失,使公民财产权利保护的原则在宪法层面上缺乏依据。在房屋拆迁方面,上述不足将公民房屋拆迁及其补偿造成至为不利的影响。因此,严格规制公共利益和公平补偿应当是对私有财产保护的宪法原则,也应当是房屋拆迁补偿中的核心原则。其中,拆迁补偿方式中, 原址产权调换在体现公平补偿原则方面具有特殊的重要意义。笔者认为,以原址产权调换为原则,来确定拆迁补偿方式或金额,并以此为房屋产权人户提供多种安置补偿方式,是当前解决拆迁纠纷的现实之举。     

Pedestrians,Motorists, and No-Fault Compensation for Road Accidents in 1930s Britain

In 1930s Britain an average of almost 7000 road deaths and many more injuries were recorded each year. Most fatalities occurred among cyclists and pedestrians. In the course of the decade the Pedestrians’ Association pressed for the no-fault compensation of road accident victims other than motorists and their passengers. A bill, initially welcomed by ministers, passed the House of Lords but failed to progress further owing to last-minute government opposition. This article explores efforts to change the law and the reasons why they failed. Carnage on the roads largely explains reformers’ motivation; government reluctance to offend the motoring lobby explains their failure.     

历代中央政府对藏区赔命价习惯法的态度考释

元朝以降,藏区纳入中央政府的正式管辖之下,其地方法制不可避免地会受到中央政府的影响,作为藏族长期以来法律表达与实践的赔命价习惯法也不例外。历代中央政府基于自己的法律理念或实现民族地区统治秩序的需要,对藏区赔命价习惯法或禁绝,或放任,或在承认民族特殊性与维护国家司法主权之间适当地认可和规制。比较元明两朝与清朝和民国对藏区赔命价习惯法的不同态度和及其治理藏区的不同效果,不难发现有机成长的赔命价习惯法有着坚实的社会基础和强大的生命力,中央政府应该在认清其历史理性的基础上实现其创造性转化。     

论受害人对船舶油污责任保险人的直接请求权——兼谈《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第97条的立法完善

在船舶油污损害赔偿领域设置保险和保证赔偿制度是保护受害人充分赔偿的需要,也是特殊侵权损害赔偿制度发展的必然。船舶油污责任保险具有适用范围特定性以及保险的强制性等特点。船舶油污损害赔偿公约体系确立了受害人对油污责任保险人或保证人的直接诉讼制度,但有着特定的适用范围,并赋予了保险人较为宽泛的抗辩事由。《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》借鉴国际公约,确立了受害人对油污责任保险人的诉讼制度,但由于缺乏配套制度,实践中该制度的适用比较混乱。建议中国建立以油污强制责任保险制度为核心的船舶油污责任制度,明定责任保险人直接被诉的情形,以及在直接被诉情形下的抗辩事由,同时明确责任保险人承担责任的形式等。     

Compensation for nuclear damage: a comparison among the international regime,Japan and China

Following the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, how the compensation system for nuclear damage should be improved has obtained broad attention. The compensation system, including liability rules, insurance and government involvement, does not only concern to what extent the victims can be sufficiently compensated, but is also relevant to create incentives for the nuclear industry to enhance safety. International compensation regimes for nuclear damage started to emerge since 1960s, but still fail to engage some (potentially) big “nuclear power” ones. The Japanese and Chinese systems are such ones which received less attention until recently. This paper will, on the one hand, engage in a positive study by giving a comparison between the international regime, the Japanese and the Chinese system; on the other hand, provide a normative analysis by using economic criteria to examine the efficiency of the systems and formulate suggestions for reform.     

中美知识产权侵权损害赔偿数额立法比较

我国现行立法中知识产权侵权损害赔偿数额的确定单纯强调补偿受害人损失,但因知识产权侵权的特殊性,往往难以补偿受害人实际损失、遏制再次侵权的发生。美国知识产权法在补偿性损害赔偿基础上适用惩罚性赔偿制度,补偿受害者的同时惩戒侵权者,双向调节遏制侵权。我国知识产权法有必要借鉴美国立法,完善赔偿数额制度。     

过错被害人国家补偿问题刍议

我国已逐步展开被害人救助工作试点，虽然离完善的国家补偿制度距离尚远，但对制度设计的细节问题仍应提前研究。被害人补偿的正当性难以通过国家保护不力或社会风险分担予以说明，在规范语境下其正当性在于社会型国家的宪法目的设定。国家责任在补充性之外兼具福利性，因而补偿对象的关键特征为生活陷入困境，而不限于故意犯罪、暴力犯罪或身体伤害犯罪，补偿范围可分为保障性与补充性两部分，应以不同标准区别对待。过错被害人从事实与规范的角度可分为六种类型，对其补偿的扣减或拒绝，总体原则是保障性补偿须谨慎扣减，补充性补偿可灵活掌握，以务实的态度更好地实现国家补偿制度的目的。     

刑事被害人当事人化的反思与制度重构

刑事被害人当事人化的实质是犯罪损害追诉方式的公私合一,该制度设计混淆了公益和私益两种不同性质的诉讼,导致两种权益保护相互冲突进而对刑事司法结果公正造成负面影响。公私分离是刑事被害人去当事人化的当然制度选择,其立法对策主要包括在刑事立法中确立被害人为特殊诉讼参与人、废除被害人在刑事审判中就定罪量刑发表意见的权利、废止被害人刑事自诉权和切断其引起刑事二审、再审的程序路径。同时需要完善相关配套举措,如允许被害人对其物质和精神损害单独提起民事诉讼、完善精神损害赔偿制度、建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度等。     

在定额化与个别化之间:死亡赔偿计算的再思考

死亡赔偿的计算历来存在个别化与定额化之争,但无论在理论基础上还是实际效果上,上述两种主张都难言完美,存在各自难以克服的缺陷。之所以如此,在于学者们对于死亡赔偿的定位存在问题。事实上,死亡赔偿具有双重身份,不仅承载了死者家属补偿的需要,而且还承载了死者家属"报复"的需要。只有清楚地意识到死亡赔偿所承载的双重定位,明确它们的特点,才能设计出合理的死亡赔偿计算方式。无论是纯粹的个别化计算还是定额化计算都不可取,最终合理的路径应当是介于个别化与定额化之间的第三种计算方式。     

过错被害人国家补偿问题刍议

我国已逐步展开被害人救助工作试点，虽然离完善的国家补偿制度距离尚远，但对制度设计的细节问题仍应提前研究。被害人补偿的正当性难以通过国家保护不力或社会风险分担予以说明，在规范语境下其正当性在于社会型国家的宪法目的设定。国家责任在补充性之外兼具福利性，因而补偿对象的关键特征为生活陷入困境，而不限于故意犯罪、暴力犯罪或身体伤害犯罪，补偿范围可分为保障性与补充性两部分，应以不同标准区别对待。过错被害人从事实与规范的角度可分为六种类型，对其补偿的扣减或拒绝，总体原则是保障性补偿须谨慎扣减，补充性补偿可灵活掌握，以务实的态度更好地实现国家补偿制度的目的。     

浅析钻井平台油污损害赔偿立法的完善——由渤海湾溢油事故引发的思考

发生在2011年的渤海湾溢油事故,暴露出我国油污损害赔偿制度的严重缺陷。本文在分析国际公约、国内立法及钻井平台法律属性的基础上,对钻井平台油污损害赔偿的立法完善提出建议：在立法形式上,应修改《海洋环境保护法》,在其确立的框架下制定具体规范钻井平台和船舶油污损害赔偿问题的《油污法》;在制度内容上,应加大行政处罚力度,建立强制责任保险制度和损害赔偿基金制度,并通过保障受害者的知情权等为其民事求偿提供支持。